Aging liver

Chaudhuri, A.R., de Waal, E.M., Pierce, A., Van Remmen, H., Ward, W.F., and Richardson, A. (2007) Detection of protein carbonyls in aging liver tissue A fluorescence-based proteomic approach. Mech. Ageing Dev. 127(11), 849-861. 

Gram-negative bacteremia Hypoalbuminemia Increased age Liver disease Obstructive jaundice Preexisting kidney disease Poor nutrition... 

P) volume, 4 -5 min Front-loaded double IV Under 18 years of age Liver ... 

BZDs biotransformed by hepatic oxidation have relatively long half-lives and usually have active metabolites ( Table 12-10). Those biotransformed by glucuronide conjugation have relatively short half-lives and no active metabolites. Only a few BZDs (e.g., clonazepam) are biotransformed by nitro reduction. Although oxidized BZDs and their metabolites may be more likely to accumulate due to age, liver disease, or concomitant use of estrogens or cimetidine, clinical data substantiating this theory are incomplete. 

The first category of BZDs is more likely to be influenced by such factors as old age, liver disease, or coadministration of other drugs that may stimulate or impair hepatic oxidizing capacity. Another difference is that these BZDs tend to have longer elimination half-lives than agents that are conjugated directly. 

Zeeh J, Platt D. The aging liver structural and functional changes and their consequences for drug treatment in old age. Gerontology. 2002 48 121-127. 

After 40 years of age, liver mass decreases at a rate of approximately 1 percent per year, in addition to a reduction in blood flow (40-50 percent), resulting in a diminished ability to metabolize drugs. However, since hepatic drug metabolism varies widely among individuals, there are no absolute age-related alterations in this regard. Cardiac output also decreases by approximately 1 percent per year beginning at 30 years of age and contributes to the decrease in hepatic blood flow. Glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, and tubular secretory capacity also become reduced. 

Time-dependent kinetics of omeprazole limits its use for phenotyping during chronic therapy (Gafni 2001). CYP2C19 phenotyping with omeprazole may be affected by age, liver disease and omeprazole therapy (Kimura 1999). 

The influence of age on metabolic clearance is less clear than its influence on renal function. Metabolic clearance is more variable between individuals because of the genetic control and the influence of environmental factors on the metabolic capacity. The term metabolism also encompasses many different enzyme reactions that might be influenced to different extents by age, liver disease, or genetic variables. Unlike renal disease, in which creatinine clearance provides a reasonable estimate of kidney function, not one good indicator exists for the degree of liver function impairment with respect to drug metabolizing capacity. 

Patient 4, who has the ZS phenotype, had severe liver disease and marasmus at 5 mo of age. Therapy was initiated at 6 mo at follow-up at 9 mo of age, liver function, body weight, and muscle tone had improved. 

Impaired liver function due to inereased age, liver impairment (decreases... 

Relatively Httie is known about the bioavailabiUty of pantothenic acid in human beings, and only approximately 50% of pantothenic acid present in the diet is actually absorbed (10). Liver, adrenal glands, kidneys, brain, and testes contain high concentrations of pantothenic acid. In healthy adults, the total amount of pantothenic acid present in whole blood is estimated to be 1 mg/L. A significant (2—7 mg/d) difference is observed among different age-group individuals with respect to pantothenic acid intake and urinary excretion, indicating differences in the rate of metaboHsm of pantothenic acid. 

Adverse consequences of drinking include a variety of social, legal, medical, and psychiatric problems (Babor et al. 1987, 2003). Alcohol is among the top four causes of mortality in 1988, 107,800 deaths, or about 5% of all deaths in the United States, were attributed to alcohol-related causes (Stinson and DeBakey 1992). Approximately 17% of alcohol-related deaths were directly attributable to alcohol, 38% resulted from diseases indirecdy attributable to alcohol, and 45% were attributable to alcohol-related traumatic injury (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 1994). Alcohol-related mortality declined during the latter part of the twentieth century. For example, the age-adjusted mortality rate from liver cirrhosis in 1993 (7.9 deaths per 100,000 persons) was just over half the rate in 1970 (14.6 deaths per 100,000) (Saadat-mand et al. 1997), and the proportion of automobile fatalities that was related to the use of alcohol fell to a two-decade low of 33.6% in 1993 (Lane et al. 1997). 

Detailed sub-analyses of a variety of clinical trials have provided information about host and viral factors influencing the virologic response in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. The most important factors include the HCV genotype, HCV RNA concentration at baseline, age, weight, gender, ethnicity, liver enzymes, and stage of fibrosis (Mihm et al. 2006 Pawlotsky 2005). 

CAO s X, DHABBi J M, MOTE p L and spiNDLER s R (2001) Geuomic profiling of short- and long-term caloric restriction effects in the liver of ageing rats. Proc Natln Acad Sci. 98 10630-35. 

Health benefits — Research reports indicate that natural (3-carotene possesses numerous benefits for the human body and consistently supports the use of (3-carotene as part of the human diet. The human body converts (3-carotene to vitamin A via body tissues as opposed to the liver, hence avoiding a build-up of toxins in the liver. Vitamin A is essential for the human body in that it assists the immune system and helps battle eye diseases such as cataracts and night blindness, various skin ailments such as acne, signs of aging, and various forms of cancer. 

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