Animated Demonstrations

SPACEEIL has been used to study polymer dynamics caused by Brownian motion (60). In another computer animation study, a modified ORTREPII program was used to model normal molecular vibrations (70). An energy optimization technique was coupled with graphic molecular representations to produce animations demonstrating the behavior of a system as it approaches configurational equiHbrium (71). In a similar animation study, the dynamic behavior of nonadiabatic transitions in the lithium—hydrogen system was modeled (72). 

Following the action of extraordinary stimulants (hypoxic hypoxia, hypoxia + hyperoxia, hypodynamia + hyperthermia), animals demonstrate an accumulation of malonic dialdehyde with a simultaneous fall of antiradical activity of the liver tissue. A preliminary introduction to rats of acetylene amine 3,4,5-tris(morpho-linopropynyl)-l-methylpyrazole 103 and also of tocopherol antioxidant and gutumine antihypoxant averts activation of the lipid peroxidation processes. The inhibition of peroxidation with this agent is mediated by stabilization of ly-zosomal and mitochondrial membranes. Unsaturated amines prevent destruction of the organelle membranes provoked by UV irradiation and incubation at 37°C (pH4.7)(78MIl). 

As already mentioned, macular zeaxanthin comprises two stereoisomers, the normal dietary (3/(,37()-/caxanthin and (3f ,3 S)-zeaxanthin(=(meyo)-zeaxanthin), of which the latter is not normally a dietary component (Bone et al. 1993) and is not found in any other compartment of the body except in the retina. The concentration of (tneso)-zeaxanthin in the retina decreases from a maximum within the central fovea to a minimum in the peripheral retina, similar to the situation with (3/ ,37 )-zeaxanthin. This distribution inversely reflects the relative concentration of lutein in the retina and gave rise to a hypothesis (Bone et al. 1997) that (meso)-zeaxanthin is formed in the retina from lutein. This was confirmed by an experiment in which xanthophyll-depleted monkeys had been supplemented with chemically pure lutein or (3/ ,37 )-zeaxanthin (Johnson et al. 2005). (Meyo)-Zeaxanthin was exclusively detected in the retina of lutein-fed monkeys but not in retinas of zeaxanthin-fed animals, demonstrating that it is a retina-specific metabolite of lutein only. The mechanism of its formation has not been established but may involve oxidation-reduction reactions that are mediated photochemically, enzymatically, or both. Thus, (meso)-zeaxanthin is a metabolite unique to the primate macula. 

For the last forty years, many reports have emerged on the hormone-like effects of chemical compounds such as pesticides and industrial chemicals upon wildlife and humans. The effects of these materials are believed to be either direct or indirect. Direct effects involve positive or negative interactions with the hormone receptors. Indirect effects may result when the synthesis of hormones or their receptors is altered, or the transport, metabolism, or elimination of hormones is modified in some way. The discovery of hormone-like properties of some compounds was made long after their release into the environment. It was shown soon after their introduction that aviation crop dusters handling DDT had low sperm counts and workers at a plant producing the insecticide kepone were reported to have low libido, sperm counts and to be impotent. Subsequently, experiments conducted in laboratory animals demonstrated unambiguously the oestrogenic activity of these pesticides. 9 refs. 

Death. Clinical reports in humans and studies in animals demonstrate that death due to central nervous system toxicity is the primary acute lethal effect associated with endrin exposure. A lethal dose of endrin in humans has not been identified, but 0.2-0.25 mg endrin/kg body weight is sufficient to cause convulsions (Davies and Lewis 1956). Liver, kidney, heart, and brain damage were reported following oral and inhalation exposures. Since endrin is no longer used commercially, the general public is not... 

Thus, influenza virus A/PR/8/34(HlNl) is present in the liver of infected mice of both groups and is eliminated by the end of experiment. Infected animals demonstrate persistent changes in the liver which can be estimated as viral hepatitis manifestations. In spite of influenza virus... 

Experiments with animals demonstrate that DDTC could be used in conjunction with cisplatin chemotherapy325,326. For instance, pretreatment with DDTC protects against the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin therapy Wysor et al.327 have demonstrated the trypanocidal potential of cisplatin and tetraethylthiuram disulphide, the disulphide of DDTC... 

Inhalation studies in humans and animals and oral studies in animals demonstrate that chlorobenzene can affect the central nervous system, liver, and kidneys. Chlorobenzene did not affect the developing fetus, was not genotoxic, and did not affect reproduction. Data has not provided clear evidence that chlorobenzene causes cancer in animals. Existing data are considered inadequate to derive human minimal risk levels for acute and chronic exposures. 

No quantitative information on absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of white phosphorus following inhalation, oral, dermal, and dermal bum exposure was located. Studies in which 32P-labeled white phosphorus was orally administered to animals demonstrated that the label was widely distributed throughout the body, with some of the highest concentrations in the liver, kidney, blood, spleen, and brain (Cameron and Patrick 1966 Lee etal. 1975). 

Perhaps the most renowned example is the extensively-used 2,4,5-T (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid), or rather the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- -dioxin (TCDD) impurity which sometimes accompanies it. During massive use of the herbicide as a defoliant in the Vietnam war, TCDD was found almost by accident to be one of the most toxic synthetic substances ever tested. Soon, it was shown to be present in domestic 2,4,5-T as well as in the chemical warfare agents. Tests in laboratory animals demonstrated that some of the observed levels indeed were quite high enough to cause toxic effects (32). 

Repeated exposures to APFO, the most widely used salt of PFOA, produced liver, kidney, pancreas and testes changes, anemia, and cyanosis. Tests in male rats demonstrated weak tumorigenic activity based on an increased incidence of benign testicular, pancreatic, and liver tumors. Tests in animals demonstrate no developmental toxicity. 

Rats that were administered 2,000 mg/kg/day unleaded gasoline by gavage for 4 weeks were found to have gastric erythema, erosion of the gastric mucosa, and ulceration of the epithelium (Haider et al. 1985). The combined findings in humans and animals demonstrate the irritating effect of gasoline on mucosal tissue. 

Norman JG, Fink GW, Sexton C, Carter G. Transgenic animals demonstrate a role for the IE-1 receptor m regulating IL-lp gene expression at steady-state and during the systemic stress induced by acute pancreatitis. J Surg Res 1996 63 231-6. 

DNP and/or its metabolites in the organs and tissues (Perkins 1919). One oral study in animals demonstrated higher concentrations of 2,4-DNP and its metabolites in serum than in liver or kidney (Robert and Hagardorn 1983). 

Geometries and PE for intermediates of F-H-Cl around the transition state in the reaction of F + HCl HF + Cl were calculated. The intermediate on the transition state was formed at the point of of 1.376 A and of 1.354 A. This intermediate was supported by method of the IRC. CGs of PE in 2-D and PE surface in 3-D, skeletal structures of intermediates on the way of the reaction, and the reaction profile were created. CG animation composed of four CGs was made in order to express unages of the reaction. The animation demonstrates the changes of PE and skeletal structure of the intermediate on the reaction profile in all stages, simultaneously. 

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