Literature reports Organization

The literature reported in the chapter is organized according to the following criteria ... 

AntiBase 2005 is a comprehensive database of 31 022 natural compounds from micro-organisms and higher fungi based on curated literature reports. In addition to descriptive chemical data, biological data (e.g. pharmacological activity, toxicity) and information on origin and isolation are included. 

Curtin and Paul [56] contributed substantially also to the investigation of intra-solid reactions between crystals. In this context. Ref [57] constitutes, together with the other references quoted throughout, a useful entry in the recent literature of organic solid-state reactions, including those activated mechanochemically [57]. An early application to the preparation of charge-transfer systems was reported by Toda and Miyamoto [58]. 

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. No studies were located regarding the food chain bioaccumulation of isophorone from environmental media. The monitoring literature reports that isophorone is present in the environment as well as in environmental organisms. The monitoring data further suggest that isophorone levels in fish do not correlate well with the lipid content of the fish (see Section 5.4). 

The results of model compound recovery experiments, in part, support these selection criteria. For example, the anionic resin (MP-1) yielded the best recoveries of the anionic organics (little or no adsorption was observed on subsequent resins) glycine was equally distributed (but poorly recovered) on MP-1 and MP-50 (no adsorption was observed on the nonionic resins). Although some selective adsorption occurred on the lower surface area ionic resins, the nonpolar macro-porous XAD-2 showed its retentive power for low-polarity compounds as none were seen to break through to the more polar methacrylate polymer, XAD-7. XAD-7 was included in the system for use with reclaimed and surface waters (21) because literature reports indicated that the methacrylate XAD resins had significantly better retention of humics, fulvics, and smaller phenolics (9, 29, 30). However, in the... 

Consistent with literature reports, chlorination is capable of producing new mutagens it also appears to destroy other mutagens, even in the presence of ammonia. The extent to which chlorination increases the production of new halogenated compounds is known to depend upon the amount of organic precursors in the water similarly, the effect on mutagenicity is probably related to the amount and type of precursors available. Hence effective GAC treatment prior to chlorination should minimize the increases in mutagenicity. 

A number of chemical shifts reported in the literature by organic chemists are inaccurate due to unjustified use of a first-order analysis... 

The hydroformylation of alkenes generally has been considered to be an industrial reaction unavailable to a laboratory scale process. Usually bench chemists are neither willing nor able to carry out such a reaction, particularly at the high pressures (200 bar) necessary for the hydrocarbonylation reactions utilizing a cobalt catalyst. (Most of the previous literature reports pressures in atmospheres or pounds per square inch. All pressures in this chapter are reported in bars (SI) the relationship is 14.696 p.s.i. = 1 atm = 101 325 Pa = 1.013 25 bar.) However, hydroformylation reactions with rhodium require much lower pressures and related carbonylation reactions can be carried out at 1-10 bar. Furthermore, pressure equipment is available from a variety of suppliers and costs less than a routine IR instrument. Provided a suitable pressure room is available, even the high pressure reactions can be carried out safely and easily. The hydroformylation of cyclohexene to cyclohexanecarbaldehyde using a rhodium catalyst is an Organic Syntheses preparation (see Section 4.5.2.5). 

The number of patents detailing processes that involve DPC as an intermediate to polycarbonates, polyurethanes and organics bears witness to the importance of this molecule in the production of industrial polymers and molecules (Figure 7.5a). The data in this figure also underline the recent surge in open-literature reports, a trend which was also apparent for the synthesis of DPC from DMC (Figure 7.5b). 

It should be stressed that the majority of literature reports on the acceleration of chemical reactions by microwave irradiation (even more than 1000 fold) come from the initial period of the application of microwaves in organic synthesis (i.e. from late 1980 s and early 1980 s). At this time there were no dedicated microwave scientific reactors available on the market, and most of theses reactions were conducted in household microwave ovens. Recently, applying modern microwave reactors, scientists have verified a number of these reports, and it turns out that the claimed acceleration of the majority chemical reactions were attributed to difficulties with proper temperature measuments rather than to non-thermal micowave effects. Sometimes it was found that these effects were results of faster delivering of energy to the reaction systems [35,38]. 

A combined listing of all the compounds identified in the vapor and on particles emitted during the combustion of coal at the /toes power plant are listed in Table I. Similar compounds have been identified in the emissions from a second coal-fired power plant located at Iowa State University. Therefore, this list may be partially representative of coal combustion in semi-modern boilers. Certainly, many more organic compounds than the listed 78 are present in these effluents, but so far these have not been positively identified. Indeed, a 1980 review of organic compounds from coal combustion (1) taken from all the literature reports had only 106 compounds identified. 

Literature reports of crystal space groups of triboluminescent materials provide evidence for a modest correlation between tribo-luminescence and noncentric space group Q5) of 36 triboluminescent inorganic sulfates (16), 21 are noncentric and 15 are centric of 19 triboluminescent aromatic organic crystals (12) of known crystal structure, 13 are noncentric and 6 are centric. Many compounds crystallize in more than one space group thus the literature crystal structures may not be relevant to the triboluminescent materials. We therefore examined samples from the same batch of crystals for triboluminescence activity and crystal structure. The results are shown in Table II, along with some related compounds (6, 12, 13) whose crystal structures were obtained from the literature. 

Chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are another important group of pollutants commonly studied. Literature reports include numerous works focusing on several types of advanced oxidations. These pollutants are present in water due to their use as cleaning agents, degreasers of metals, paint and ink constituents, etc. [137]. 

Although there is still debate as to whether hydroxyl radicals or ferryl species are the key oxidants in Fenton systems, most literature reports on the mechanisms of degradation of organic compounds invoke the hydroxyl radical. Based on the reports discussed above, it seems likely that hydroxyl radical is a major oxidant during Fenton degradations. Although ferryl ions or other highly oxidized forms of iron may occur, either to a limited extent or more abundantly under specific conditions, this section will deal with documented reaction pathways and kinetics for hydroxyl radical or species assumed to be hydroxyl radical. The reader should keep in mind that ferryl pathways may need to be considered under certain conditions. 

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