Listeria monocytogenes infection resistance

Kishikawa, H. et al., Interleukin-12 promotes enhanced resistance Listeria monocytogenes infection of lead-exposed mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 147, 180, 1997. 

The Listeria monocytogenes host resistance model is controlled primarily in the liver and spleen. The Listeria monocytogenes systemic infection assay is useful primarily to evaluate adverse effects on neutrophils and Kupffer cells of the liver and splenic macrophages and neutrophils. NK cells and T lymphocytes also play a role in bacterial clearance. The Listeria monocytogenes host... 

Czuprynski CJ, Brown JF, Maroushek N, Wagner RD, Steinberg H Administration of antigranulocyte mAb RB6-8C5 impairs the resistance of mice to Listeria monocytogenes infection. J Immunol 1994 152 1836-1846. 

Turnock, L., M. Cook, H. Steinberg, and C. Czuprynski. Dietary Supplementation With Conjugated Linoleic Acid Does Not Alter the Resistance of Mice to Listeria Monocytogenes Infection. 135-138 (2001). 

Steinmuller, C. et al., Polysaccharides isolated from plant cell cultures of Echinacea purpurea enhance the resistance of immunosuppressed mice against systemic infections with Candida albicans and Listeria monocytogenes, Int J Immunopharmacol, 15, 605, 1993. 

Gallium arsenide altered host resistance in B6C3F1 mice, resulting in increased resistance to infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Listeria monocytogenes [18], but increased susceptibility to Staphylococcus aureus [19] and to tumor development by B16F10 melanoma cells [18], However, inhalation exposure to As203 led to increased... 

Pung, O.J., Luster, M.L, Hayes, H.T. and Rader, J. (1984). Influence of steroidal and nonsteroidal sex hormones on host resistance in the mouse Increased susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes following exposure to estrogenic hormones. Infect. Immun. 46 301-307. 

Pung, O.J., Tucker, A.N., Yore. S.J. and Luster, M.L (1985). Influence of estrogen on host resistance Increased susceptibility of mice to Listeria monocytogenes correlates with depressed production of interleukin 2. Infect. Immun. 50 91-96. 

CN186 de Pablo, M. A., M. A. Puertollano, A. Galvez A, E. Ortega, ]. ]. Gaforio, and G. Alvarez de Cienfuegos. Determination of natural resistance of mice fed dietary lipids to experimental infection induced by Listeria monocytogenes. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2000 27(2) 127-133. 

Benzene also affects functional immune responses, as indicated by decreased resistance to infectious agents. Pre-exposure to benzene at >30 ppm for 5-12 days increased the bacterial counts in mice on day 4 of infection with Listeria monocytogenes (Rosenthal and Snyder 1985). Recovery of the immune system was noted on day 7. The effects did not occur at 10 ppm. In addition, a concentration-dependent statistically significant depression was noted in T- and B-lymphocyte populations from day 1 through day 7 at 30 ppm and above. B-cells were more sensitive to benzene than were T-cells on a percentage-of-control basis. This indicates a benzene-induced delay in immune response to L. monocytogenes. Concentrations of 200 or 400 ppm for 4-5 weeks (5 days per week) suppressed the primary antibody response to tetanus toxin in mice, but there was no effect at 50 ppm (Stoner et al. 1981). In another intermediate-duration exposure study, no changes were noted in the numbers of splenic B-cells, T-cells, or... 

Morahan PS, Klykken PC, Smith SH, Harris LS, Munson AE (1979) Effects of cannabinoids of host resistance to Listeria monocytogenes and herpes simples virus. Infect Immun 23 670-674. 

Blockade of tumor necrosis factor alfa impairs resistance to infections with intracellular pathogens such as mycobacteria, Pneumocystis proved. Listeria monocytogenes,... 

Pretreatment with a polysaccharide E. purpurea extract was found to decrease morbidity and mortality in mice infected by C. albicans immunosuppresed with cyclophosphamide and cyclosporine A. They found that macrophages in the Echinacea group produced an increased amount of TNF-cx. The authors state that this led to an increased resistance toward Listeria monocytogenes, C. albicans, and the intracellular parasite Leishmania enrietti (17). 

The role of TNF a in vivo is not well understood. It is believed that TNF is required for protection against bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and perhaps even viral infections and other stressful stimuli (562). TNF knockout mice are shown to develop normally. These mice have normal thymus, but their spleen architecture is abnormal and their ability to fight infection is reduced (563). They are also protected from lethal doses of LPS. Knockout studies of the TNF receptor (p60) have shown that mice deficient in this gene are resistant to endotoxic shock but show increased susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes (564,565). 

The presence of diphtheroid-like gram-positive rods in the cerebrospinal fluid smear of an 82-year-old patient is indicative of the presence of Listeria monocytogenes. In addition to their role as a potential causative agent in neonatal meningitis, listeria infections are more common in elderly patients and in those who have been treated with immunosuppressive agents. Treatment consists of ampicillin with or without gentamicin. Resistant strains are rare. The answer is (A). 

Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) This important drug combination is currently accepted treatment for complicated urinary tract infections and for respiratory, ear, and sinus infections due to H influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. In the immunocompromised patient, TMP-SMZ is used for infections due to Aeromonas hydrophila and is the drug of choice for prevention and treatment of pneumocystis pneumonia. TMP-SMZ is a possible backup drug for typhoid fever and shigellosis and has been used in the treatment of infections caused by methicillin-resistant staphylococci and Listeria monocytogenes. 

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