Bacterial clearance

Other pro-inflammatory factors produced and secreted by these cell populations snch as interlenkins (IL) -1, -6, -12, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) are instrnmental in the resolution of bacterial clearance (Daley et al. 2005 Ishikawa and Miyazak 2005 Kudo et al. 2005 Man et al. 2007 Wang et al. 2005 Warner and Srinivasan 2004). 

Niess JH, Brand S, Gu X, et al. CX3CR1-mediated dendritic cell access to the intestinal lumen and bacterial clearance. Science 2005 307(5707) 254-258. 

Song, ZJ. et al., Ginseng treatment enhances bacterial clearance and decreases lung pathology in athymic rats with chronic P. aeruginosa pneumonia, Apmis, 105, 438, 1997. 

Harrod, K.S., et al., Inhaled diesel engine emissions reduce bacterial clearance and exacerbate lung disease to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in vivo, Toxicol. Sci. 83,1,155,2005. 

Malaviya R. Ikeda T. Ross E. Abraham SN Mast cell modulation of neutrophil influx and bacterial clearance at sites of infection through TNF-c<. Nature 1996 381 77-80. 

Rolls, J. K., Lei, D., Nelson, S., Summer, W. R. and Shellito, J. E. (1997). Pulmonary cytokine gene therapy. Adenoviral-mediated murine interferon gene transfer compartmentally activates alveolar macrophages and enhances bacterial clearance. Chest 111, 104S. 

Fig. 5.1 Pathogenesis of Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Typhi. Upon ingestion, Salmonella travel to the small intestine. The bacteria invade Microfold (M) cells and other intestinal epithelial cells through the apical surface to cause infection. (A). Salmonella Typhimurium remains localized in the small intestine and induces an inflammatory host immune response, resulting in bacterial clearance from immunocompetent individuals. (B). Salmonella Typhi escapes from intestinal epithelial cells at the basolateral surface of the intestinal epithelium, enters phagocytes, and evades the host innate immune response, resulting in systemic infection...

This vaccine was tested for safety and immunogenicity in 24 human subjects. The injection elicited local moderate pain with no other notable physiologic abnormalities found. The vaccine increased antibody levels up to 12 months after the initial vaccination. Using functional tests such as activation of white cells ex vivo, cytokine generation, and bacterial clearance, the authors found a higher capacity for neutralizing bacteria and activating white cells (Cross et al., 2003). 

Partida-Sanchez, S., Cockayne, D. A., Monard, S., Jacobson, E. L., Oppenheimer, N., Garvy, B., Kusser, K., Goodrich, S., Howard, M., Harmsen, A., Randall, T. D., and Lund, F. E. (2001). Cyclic ADP-ribose production by CD38 regulates intracellular calcium release, extracellular calcium influx and chemotaxis in neutrophils and is required for bacterial clearance in vivo. Nat. Med. 7, 1209-1216. 

Katz S, Plaisier BR, Folkening WJ, Grosfeld JL. Intralipid adversely affects reticuloendothelial bacterial clearance. J Pediatr Surg 1991 26(8) 921-4. 

Anderson, R.S., C.S. Giam, L.E. Ray and M.R. Tripp. 1981. Effects of environmental pollutants on immunological competency of the clam Merceneria merceneria impaired bacterial clearance. Acjuatic Toxicol. 1 187-195. 

Induction of oral tolerance was prevented by the administration of anti-MCP-1. These results indicate that CKs play an important role in the induction of oral tolerance. There is evidence that both CXC and CC CKs are integral components of antibacterial host defense. Specifically, in vitro studies indicate that CXC CKs (lL-8 and MIP-2) and the CC CK MIP-la augment the ability of PMNs and alveolar macrophages, respectively, to phagocytose and kill E. coli. In addition, the intratracheal instillation of Klebsiella pneumoniae in mice results in time-dependent production of MIP-2 and MIP-la. Inhibition of MIP-2 bioactivity in vivo results in decreases in lung PMN influx, impaired bacterial clearance, and early mortality. ... 

Lung Emphysematous changes pulmonary infarcts reduced bacterial clearance muscle atrophy Pneumonia decreases in functional residual capacity, vital capacity, and maximum breathing capacity depressed hypoxic/hypercarbic drives... 

E.S. Fisher, D.A. Lauffenburger and R.P. Daniele, "The Effect of Alveolar Macrophage Chemotaxis on Bacterial Clearance from the Lung Surface", Amer.Rev. of Respiratory Diseases, in publ., 1988 ... 

The Listeria monocytogenes host resistance model is controlled primarily in the liver and spleen. The Listeria monocytogenes systemic infection assay is useful primarily to evaluate adverse effects on neutrophils and Kupffer cells of the liver and splenic macrophages and neutrophils. NK cells and T lymphocytes also play a role in bacterial clearance. The Listeria monocytogenes host... 

Moore TA, Newstead MW, Strieter RM, Mehrad B, Beaman BL, Standiford TJ Bacterial clearance and survival are dependent on CXC chemokine receptor-2 ligands in a murine model of... 

Malaviya R, Abraham SN Role of mast cell leukotrienes in neutrophil recruitment and bacterial clearance in infectious peritonitis. J Leukoc Biol 2000 67 841-846. 

The possible functional role of decreased expression of IL-10 in pulmonary inflammation and bacterial clearance in cystic fibrosis has also been investigated in animal models. As might be surmised from the known properties of IL-10, these studies have collectively suggested that the reduced levels of IL-10 seen in adults with cystic fibrosis are associated with a potentiation of pulmonary inflammation and with an impairment of the clearance of P. aeruginosa. In a... 

Lungkine/CXCLIS K. pneumoniae Impaired alveolar transepi-thelial PMN migration, decreased bacterial clearance and survival... 

Broug-Holub E, Toews GB, Van Iwaarden JF, Standifoid, TJ. Alveolar macrophages are required for protective pulmonary defenses in murine Klebsiella pneumonia elimination of alveolar macrophages increases neutrophil lecruilment but decreases bacterial clearance and survival. Infect Immun 1997 65 1139-1146. 

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