Meningitis, neonatal

Picornavimses are small, nonenveloped RNA vimses. Members of this family include rhino- and enteroviruses, which are responsible for a variety of human diseases (viral respiratory infection, viral meningitis, myocarditis, pericarditis, encephalitis, chronic meningoencephalitis, herpangina, otitis media, neonatal enteroviral disease, and acute exacerbations of asthma). 

The treatment of bacterial infections of the central nervous system highlights a number of important therapeutic considerations. Bacterial meningitis is caused by a variety of bacteria although their incidence varies with age. In the neonate, E. coli and group B streptococci account for the majority of infections, while in the preschool child H. influenzae is the commonest pathogen. Neisseria meningitidis has a... 

Extraintestinal C. jejuni infection, including septic arthritis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, meningitis, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and neonatal sepsis, can present in three different ways ... 

Biering, G. Karlsson, S. Clark, N. C. Jonsdottir, K. E. Ludvigsson, P. Steingrimsson, O. Three cases of neonatal meningitis caused by Enterobacter sakazakii in powdered milk. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1989, 27, 2054-2056. 

Muytjens, H. L. Kollee, L. A. Enterobacter sakazakii meningitis in neonates Causative role of formula Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1990, 9, 372-373. 

Indicates positive regulation by Fur Enteroaggregative E. coli cUropathogenic E. coli Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli cEnteroinvasive E. coli-/ Urinary tract infectious E. coli Neonatal meningitis E. coli). 

L. monocytogenes is a gram-positive, diphtheroid-like organism and is responsible for 8% of all reported cases of meningitis. The disease affects primarily neonates, alcoholics, immunocompromised patients, and the elderly. 

Korhonen, T. K., Valtonen, M. V., Parrkinen, J., Vaisanen-Rhen, V., Finne, J., Orskov, L, Svenson, S. B., and Makela, P. H. (1985). Serotypes, hemolysin production, and receptor recognition of Escherichia coli strains associated with neonatal sepsis and meningitis. Infect. Immun. 48,486-491. 

Distribution All of these antibiotics distribute very well into body fluids. However, adequate therapeutic levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), regardless of inflammation, are achieved only with the third generation cephalosporins (for example, ceftriaxone or cefotaxime are effective in the treatment of neonatal and childhood meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae). Cefazolin (se FA zo lin) finds application in orthopedic surgery because of its activity against penicillinase-producing Staphylococcus aureus, its half-life and its ability to penetrate bone. 

Symptoms, such as vomiting, respiratory problems, hypotonia, and seizures, in young children often are characteristic of various serious infections, including meningitis and sepsis. Although these are usually accompanied by fever, neonates with sepsis may be hypothermic or euthermic (normal temperature). In the absence of seizures, gastrointestinal obstruction and cardiorespiratory problems are in the differential... 

Getttamidtt. Gentamicin is widely used in the treatment of severe infections. Uses include septicemia, neonatal sepsis, neonatal meningitis, biliary tract infection, pyelonephritis, prostatitis, and endocarditis. Gentamicin is frequently used for empiric therapy in presmned gramnegative bacillary infections before the identification and susceptibility of the causative organism are known. Patients with cystic fibrosis and those in intensive care imits often have Pseudomonas infections and are typically treated with gentamicin. 

A drug is more likely to cross into the central nervous system (CNS) of a neonate rather than an older child or an adult. This most likely occurs because its CNS is less mature and the blood-brain barrier is less formed. This is an important consideration when antimicrobial therapy is needed for the treatment of bacterial meningitis or anticonvulsant for seizures. 

Huttova M, Hartmanova I, Kralinsky K, FUka J, Uher J, Kurak J, Krizan S, Krcmery V Jr. Candida fnngemia in neonates treated with fluconazole report of forty cases, including eight with meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998 17(11) 1012-15. 

Seizures occur more infrequently in horses than in dogs and cats. Seizures are seen in adult horses from brain trauma, bacterial meningitis, viral encephalitis and, rarely, hepatic encephalopathy or vascular accidents. Convulsions are seen in young neonatal foals with NMS as a result of brain hypoxia and in Arabian foals aged 3-9 months (idiopathic Arabian epilepsy). Anticonvulsant therapy is used to prevent the spread of the seizure focus, increase (raise) the seizure threshold and decrease the electrical excitement of abnormal... 

E. coli is responsible for three types of infections in humans intestinal diseases (gastroenteritis) urinary tract infections (UTI) and neonatal meningitis. 

Urlesberger et al. [138] used NIR to analyze the behavior of cerebral oxygenation and blood volume in preterm infants during apnea. Park and Chang studied the effects of decreased cerebral perfusion, believing it induces cerebral ischemia and worsens brain damage in neonatal bacterial meningitis [139]. Numerous other workers have also studied the cranial blood of newborns and preterm babies [140-144],... 

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