Hydrogen Germany

Report (ref. 13) 90 Coal-Hydrogenation-Germany (ref. 19) Coal Hydrogenation-Germany, Hydrocarbons Hyndiesis, Perro/eMW Press Service, 7 (1940) 31-32 Germany, Liquid Fuels (ref. 19). 

Ministry of Fuel and Power (ref. 12), 89 T.E. Warren, Inspection of hydrogenation and Fischer-Tropsch plants in western Germany during September 1945, FIAT, Final report no. 80, item no. 30 (London, 1945), 1-28, on 16-18 Germany, liquid fuels, V-syn-thetic oil plants-Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, (typed) Report 75687, Reference numbers 5.01-5.09 "Coal hydrogenation-Germany, hydrocarbons synthesis," Petroleum press service, 6 (1939), 529-532. 

Ministry of Fuel and Power (ibid.), 90 "Coal-hydrogenation-Germany" (ref. 18) "Coal hydrogenation-Germany, hydrocarbons synthesis," Petroleum press service, 1 (1940), 31-32 Germany, liquid fuels (ref. 18). 

Still/Hydrogenics Germany/ Canada PEFC H2 lOkWei [165]... 

Synthetic oil is feasible and can be produced from coal or natural gas via synthesis gas (a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen obtained from incomplete combustion of coal or natural gas). However, these are themselves nonrenewable resources. Coal conversion was used in Germany during World War II by hydrogenation or. 

Ma.nufa.cture. Butyrolactone is manufactured by dehydrogenation of butanediol. The butyrolactone plant and process in Germany, as described after World War II (179), approximates the processes presendy used. The dehydrogenation was carried out with preheated butanediol vapor in a hydrogen carrier over a supported copper catalyst at 230—250°C. The yield of butyrolactone after purification by distillation was about 90%. 

In Germany, large-scale production of synthetic fuels from coal began in 1910 and necessitated the conversion of coal to carbon monoxide and hydrogen. 

Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) operated a coal hydrogenation plant at a pressure of 20 MPa (2900 psi) and a temperature of 400—500°C to produce Hquid hydrocarbon fuel from 1935 to the outbreak of World War II. As many as 12 such plants operated in Germany during World War II to make the country less dependent on petroleum from natural sources but the process was discontinued when hostihties ceased (see Coal conversion PROCESSES,liquefaction). Currentiy the Fisher-Tropsch process is being used at the Sasol plants in South Africa to convert synthesis gas into largely ahphatic hydrocarbons at 10—20 MPa and about 400°C to supply 70% of the fuel needed for transportation. 

Nitrogen Compound Autoxidation. CycHc processes based on the oxidation of hydrazobenzene and dihydrophenazine to give hydrogen peroxide and the corresponding azobenzene—phenazine were developed in the United States and Germany during World War II. However, these processes could not compete economically with the anthrahydroquinone autoxidation process. 

Tars can be hydrogenated to produce Hquid fuels. High hydrogen and low asphaltene, ie, benzene-soluble and pentane-iasoluble, contents are desirable. The central German brown coals are attractive for this reason. The tars from the eastern part of Germany require much lower pressures and less hydrogen per unit of product than do brown coals near Cologne, which can require pressures up to 71 MPa (700 atm) (see Petroleum). 

Urea peroxohydrate is made commercially by Solvay Deutschland, Degussa (Germany), and Mitsubishi Gas Chemical. It is known commercially as urea hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen peroxide carbamide, Exterol, Hydroperit, Hydroperit, Hyperol, Orti2on, Percarbamid, Percarbamide, Perhydrit, Perhydrol-Urea, Thenardol, and UHP. In 1994 the U.K. price was J7—8/kg ( 10—12/kg). World production in 1993 was several hundred metric t. 

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