Liquid research/development

SynChropak GPC supports were introduced in 1978 as the first commercial columns for high-performance liquid chromatography of proteins. SynChropak GPC columns were based on research developed by Fred Regnier and coworkers in 1976 (1,2). The first columns were only available in 10-yu,m particles with a 100-A pore diameter, but as silica technology advanced, the range of available pore diameters increased and 5-yu,m particle diameters became available. SynChropak GPC and CATSEC occasionally were prepared on larger particles on a custom basis, but generally these products have been intended for analytical applications. 

The early history of ionic liquid research was dominated by their application as electrochemical solvents. One of the first recognized uses of ionic liquids was as a solvent system for the room-temperature electrodeposition of aluminium [1]. In addition, much of the initial development of ionic liquids was focused on their use as electrolytes for battery and capacitor applications. Electrochemical studies in the ionic liquids have until recently been dominated by work in the room-temperature haloaluminate molten salts. This work has been extensively reviewed [2-9]. Development of non-haloaluminate ionic liquids over the past ten years has resulted in an explosion of research in these systems. However, recent reviews have provided only a cursory look at the application of these new ionic liquids as electrochemical solvents [10, 11]. 

In this book we have decided to concentrate on purely synthetic applications of ionic liquids, just to keep the amount of material to a manageable level. FFowever, we think that synthetic and non-synthetic applications (and the people doing research in these areas) should not be treated separately for a number of reasons. Each area can profit from developments made in the other field, especially concerning the availability of physicochemical data and practical experience of development of technical processes using ionic liquids. In fact, in all production-scale chemical reactions some typically non-synthetic aspects (such as the heat capacity of the ionic liquid or product extraction from the ionic catalyst layer) have to be considered anyway. The most important reason for close collaboration by synthetic and non-synthetic scientists in the field of ionic liquid research is, however, the fact that in both areas an increase in the understanding of the ionic liquid material is the key factor for successful future development. 

Barto, R. L. and Hard, D. T., Refractory Metals in Liquid Metal Handling , Research/ Development, Nov. 26 (1966)... 

Recent research development of hydrodynamics and heat and mass transfer in inverse and circulating three-phase fluidized beds for waste water treatment is summarized. The three-phase (gas-liquid-solid) fluidized bed can be utilized for catalytic and photo-catalytic gas-liquid reactions such as chemical, biochemical, biofilm and electrode reactions. For the more effective treatment of wastewater, recently, new processing modes such as the inverse and circulation fluidization have been developed and adopted to circumvent the conventional three-phase fluidized bed reactors [1-6]. 

Kralisch, D., Reinhardt, D., Kreisel, G. (2007) Implementing Objectives ofSustainabihty into Ionic Liquids Research and Development. Green Chemistry,9 l2), 1308-1318, DOI 10.1039/b708721g. 

Decontaminating equipment shall be conveniently located. Exits must be designed to permit rapid evacuation. HD should be stored in containers made of glass for Research, Development, Test and Evaluation (RDTE) quantities or one-ton steel containers for large quantities. Agent shall be double-contained in liquid-tight containers when in storage. 

The priorities in terms of liquid fuel production in Canada should be exploration for crude oil, further development of the oil sands, and, perhaps, liquefaction of coal. Liquefaction of wood should be pursued at a lower priority. Nevertheless, the attraction of security of supply of liquid fuel from a renewable resource does justify some research, development and demonstration on wood production and wood liquefaction. 

Under joint sponsorship by the U. S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Center (ARDEC) and the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE), a bench-scale transpiring wall reactor was developed by Sandia National Laboratories, FWDC, and GenCorp Aerojet. The reactor, which uses SCWO, was designed to treat military and other liquid wastes. A commercial application of the technology is in use to destroy munitions, colored smokes, and dyes. SWCO may also provide a viable alternative to incineration for the destruction of chemical weapons. 

As an indication of things to come, a year ago IFF in Paris revealed that it had just launched a commercial process based on ionic liquids that are available for licensing. The Difasol process for dimerizing butenes to isooctenes was developed at Rueil-Malmaison, and pilot-scale trials were carried out at IFP s pilot facilities at the Industrial Research Development Center at Solaize, near Lyon. 

In principle, h.p.Lc. arose from conventional liquid column chromatography, following the development of g.l.c. and realisation that it was a rapid and accurate analytical method. This led to a reappraisal of the liquid column chromatographic system, which in turn resulted in research developments in instrument design and in the manufacture of column-packing materials. These now have precise specifications to make them suitable for adsorption, normal and reversed phase partition, ion exchange, gel permeation, and more recently affinity chromatography. 

Obviously, it can not be the aim of this contribution to repeat or summarise the above mentioned reviews again. In contrast, a few selected recent developments in different areas of ionic liquid research should be highlighted which are believed to be of some general relevance for the future development of ionic liquids and their application in synthetic chemistry. 

Operations like pressure swing adsorption involve the condensation of the liquid in the porous medium. Several researchers developed predictive models of the configuration of liquid phase in the wet, unsaturated, porous media. The method developed by Silverstein and Fort (2000) is based on simulated annealing with random swapping of gas and liquid elements in the system to achieve a global energy minimum defined by... 

Allied Signal, Inc., 102 Almaden Research Center, 129,359 Amoco Performance Products, Inc, 381 Army Materials Technology Laboratory, 185 Army Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center, 185 Case Western Reserve University, 308 Cornell University, 1,220 E. L du Pont de Nemours and Company, 256 Eastman Kodak Company, 16,158 EidgenOssische Technische Hochschule, 279 Enimont America, Inc., 439 Himont U.S.A., Inc., 402 Hoechst Celanese Corporation, 439 Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 370 Kent State University, 475 Korea University, 33 Laboratoire de Physicochimie Structural et Macromoleculaire, 185 Laboratoire de Physique Des Liquides et Electrochimie, 185 Los Alamos National Laboratory, 198335 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 279... 

Liquid membrane separation processes are widely used in biochemical processing, in industrial wastewater treatment, in gas separations, in food and beverage production, and in pharmaceutical apphcations. Below the reader can find some fields where research, development and scale-up efforts are expected ... 

Durst, HD, Sarver EW, Yurow HW el al. (2002). Support for the delisting of decontaminated liquid chemical surety materials as listed hazardous waste from the specific sources (State), MD02 in COMAR 10.51.02.16-1. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD U.S. Army Chemical Research Development and Engineering Center. 

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