Hydrocarbons origins

One third of the world production of hydrocarbons originates from carbo nate reservoirs, which, in addition, are supposed to contain half of the reserves of these compounds (1). The economical importance of such reservoirs is therefore large enough to justify the research of new methods aiming at better producing oil from these rocks. 

At a site in Chesapeake, Virginia, BER was used to remediate 5758 yd of soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. Original cost estimates of 500,000 were based on off-site incineration of the soil however, the vendor states that remediation using the BER process saved over 200,000 (D151406, p. 2). 

The oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons originating from coal is one of the first organic gas phase oxidation processes carried out on an industrial scale. The development of these processes was initiated by the discovery that the V2Os catalyst used for the oxidation of sulphur dioxide was also applicable to the partial oxidation of benzene to maleic anhydride and naphthalene to phthalic anhydride. Remarkably, V2Os-based catalysts are still used in these processes today as they appear superior to any other type of catalyst. 

Ibis is definitely so in the case of olivine from San Carlos, Arizona, USA. This olivine is believed to be derived from magmatic material. Figure 9 shows the NE detected by a QMS scanning the mass range from 0 to 110 AMU once every 80 ms Q4). The time of fracture is indicated by an arrow. A wide variety of emissions are observed and persist for 100 s of ms after fracture. Many of these emissions are due to hydrocarbons. We believe that many of these hydrocarbons originate from internal mineral surfaces exposed at fracture. Finally, we mention that the fracture of alkali containing glasses and minerals (e.g., obsidian, feldspar, and rock salt) yield intense alkali atom emission. In the case of alkali halides, we also see emission of... 

When the acid was added to Isobutane-Isobutylene mixtures, large exothermocitles were noted higher exothmocitles were noted when the acid was added to pure isobutylene. When sufficient acid to produce an A/0 ratio of 0.2 or 0.4 was added quickly to mixtures of hydrocarbons originally at -30oc, temperature rises of... 

Halogenated hydrocarbons originate from both natural and industrial sources. Whereas direct anthropogenic emissions to the atmosphere and biosphere are often easy to assess, particularly when they are tied to major industrial activities. 

The main conclusion to be drawn from the application of the benzene photosensitization method to the decomposition of cyclobutanone is that the Cj-hydrocarbons originate from the low-lying triplet state of the ketone. However, use of this method in the investigation of cyclopentanone decomposition indicated that reactions I, II and III (if it is a separate primary process) occur from the first excited state of the ketone. This conclusion was based on the quantitative agreement found between the pressure dependence of the decarbonylation-product formation and the fluorescence quenching by cyclopentanone. 

The inferiority of catalytically cracked gas oils, compared to virgin gas oils, as feed stocks (51) is attributable to higher concentrations of condensed-ring aromatics (95). The more-readily cracked hydrocarbons have already been converted, leaving behind the more-refractory hydrocarbons originally present in the fresh feed. In addition, some polycyclic hydrocarbons have been formed by the cracking operation. The polycyclic condensed-ring aromatics are not only difficult to crack but are also characterized by production of excessive yields of coke (79,345). 

Chlorine Chlorine gas produced in the various electrochemical processes is saturated with water vapor at high temperatures and may also contain brine mist and traces of chlorinated hydrocarbons (originating from piping and rubber-lined vessels), and is normally at atmospheric pressure. Before the chlorine can be used it must (in this order) be cooled, purified, dried, compressed, and if necessary liquefied. 

Since about 1991, diesel oxidation catalysts have been generally applied to passenger cars in the European Union and to some medium and heavy duty trucks in the USA. Their principle of operation is shown in Fig. 101. The amount of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and aldehydes is reduced by oxidation of these components to carbon dioxide and water. The mass of particulate matter emitted is reduced by the oxidation of the liquid hydrocarbons, which are adsorbed on the particulates. These liquid hydrocarbons originate both from the fuel and the lubricating oil, and are commonly denoted as the soluble organic fraction (SOF). The adsorbed polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons are also removed by oxidation. 

The Shawinigan process (also called the Flouhmic process) was developed to use hydrocarbons (originally propane as well as methane) to produce hydrogen cyanide [18]. It is used mainly in regions where methane is not available. The reaction of propane and ammonia is [19]... 

Fig. 7-24. Molecular markers for hydrocarbons originating from plant waxes (Simoneit and Mazurek, 1982).

When the linkage was determined to be a hydrocarbon originating at an H-position, the remaining P-position substituent(s) was(were) determined through comparison of a separate random number with the PDF of Figure 2b (or 3b). Any remaining H-position was then assigned a hydride substituents. 

Catalytic hydrogenation of (XXXIII) at 75° C and 60 atm gave a hydrocarbon originally identified as a tetraphenylcyclobutene (40), but which has now been suggested to be tetraphenylbutene (LXII) (25). This same hydrocarbon (LXII) also appears to be obtained from catalytic hydrogenation of tetraphenylcyclobutadienepalladium chloride (LIV) under similar conditions using milder conditions (25) or lithium aluminum hydride (25, 91), or sodium borohydride (55, 91), the product is m,cu-tetraphenyl-butadiene (LXI). 

Miscellaneous Sources. Additional sources consist of hydrocarbons in the naphtha range produced as condensates from natural gas processing and synthetically produced hydrocarbons originating from processes such as the Fischer-Tropsch process. 

Organic. Designating or composed of matter originating in plant or animal life or composed of chemicals of hydrocarbon origin, either natural or synthetic. 

Liquid chlorine of commercial quality must have a purity of at least 99.5 wt% [269]. The water content is < 0.005 wt%, and soUd residues are < 0.02 wt%. The impurities are mainly CO2 (<0.5wt%), N2, and O2 (each 0.1-0.2wt%). There are traces of chlorinated hydrocarbons (originating from rubberized or plastic piping) and inorganic salts such as ferric chloride. The chlorine may also contain small amounts of bromine or iodine, depending on the purity of the salt used in the electrolytic process. 

Classification of stations according to hydrocarbon origin, mostly pyrolitic origin GC-MS... 

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