Brain primate

The potential for normal brain tissue injury is one of the limiting factors in the use of XRT for brain tumors. Pentobarbital is a cerebral radioprotectant in rodent and primate models after single doses, but is associated with significant risks. Of alternative barbiturates, thiopental given to tats receiving 70-Gy (7000-rad) whole-brain irradiation in a single fraction enhances the 30-day survival similarly to pentobarbital, whereas ethohexital and phenobarbital show no radioprotective activity (250). 

Positron emission tomography studies using "C-toluene in nonhuman primates and mice showed a rapid uptake of radioactivity into striatal and frontal brain regions (Gerasimov et al. 2002). Maximal uptake of the radiotracer by these structures occurred 1 minutes after intravenous administration. Subsequently, clearance of the radiotracer from the striatal and frontal areas occurred rapidly, with a clearance half-life from peak uptake of 10—20 minutes. Radiotracer clearance from white matter appears to be slower... 

Fuxe K, Andersson K, Nilsen OG, et al Toluene and telencephalic dopamine selective reduction of amine mrnover in discrete DA nerve terminal systems of the anterior caudate nucleus by low concentrations of toluene. Toxicol Lett 12 115—123,1982 Cause EM, Mendez V, Geller I Exploratory smdies of a rodent model for inhalant abuse. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 7 143—148, 1985 Gentry JR, Hill C, Malcolm R New anticonvulsants a review of applications for the management of substance abuse disorders. Ann Clin Psychiatry 14 233—245, 2002 Gerasimov MR, Ferrieri RA, Schiffer WK, et al Smdy of brain uptake and biodistribution of [llCjtoluene in non-human primates and mice. Life Sci 70 2811 — 2828, 2002... 

Lawrence DM, Durham LC, Schwartz L, Seth P, Marie D, Major EO (2004) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of human brain-derived progenitor cells. J Virol 78(14) 7319-7328 Li XY, Guo F, Zhang L, Kleiman L, Cen S (2007) APOBEC3G inhibits DNA strand transfer during HIV-1 reverse transcription. J Biol Chem 282(44) 32065-32074 Lin J, Cullen BR (2007) Analysis of the interaction of primate retroviruses with the human RNA interference machinery. J Virol 81(22) 12218-12226 Liu JO (2005) The yins of T cell activation. Sci STKE 2005(265) rel... 

Since PD is caused by a relatively specific degeneration of the DA nigrostriatal tract and as there are specific toxins, for DA neurons, i.e. 6-OHDA and MPTP, it should be possible to produce appropriate experimental models. Certainly both toxins cause rotational behaviour in rats (Fig. 7.7) but no rodent shows a syndrome suggestive of PD. Tremor and akinesia can be seen, however, in primates after such toxins and these are being more widely used in experimental studies of PD and drug evaluation. Reserpine causes a depletion of all brain monoamines and produces motor defects in rats, which, even if not PD-like, do respond to DA manipulation. 

Maneuf, YP, Mitchell, IJ, Crossman, AR, Woodruff, GN and Brotchis, JM (1995) Functional implications of Kappa opioid receptor mediated modulation of glutamate transmission in the output regions of the basal ganglia in rodent and primate models. Brain Res. 683 102-108. 

Lind B, Friberg L, Nylander M. 1988. Preliminary studies on methyhnercury biotransformation and clearance in the brain of primates. II. Demethylation of mercury in brain. J Trace Elem Exp Med 1 49-56. 

Recreational abuse of designer drugs poses a major problem. Evidence concerning the safety of these drugs has shown that MDA and MDMA are toxic to serotonergic neurons in rodent (Ricaurte et al. 1985 Stone et al. 1987 O Heam et al. 1988) and primate brains (Ricaurte et al. 1988). 

TABLE 4. Effect of Oral vs subcutaneous MDMA on regional brain serotonin in the primate 2 weeks later... 

Ricaurte, G.A. DeLanney, L.E. Irwin, L and Langston, J.W. Toxic effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on central serotonergic neurons in the primate Importance of route and frequency of drug administration. Brain Res 446 165-168, 1988a... 

Schilling A., Serviere J., Gendrot G. and Perret M. (1990). Vomeronasal activation by urine in the primate Microcebus murinus a 2DG study. Exp Brain Res 81, 609-618. 

Stephan H., Baron, G. and Frahm, H. (1982). Comparison of brain structure volumes in Insectivora and Primates, II Accessory olfactory bulb. J Himforsch 23, 575-591. 

Charalambous A, Marciniak G, Shiue CY, Dewey SL, Schlyer DJ, Wolf AP, Makriyannis A. PET studies in the primate brain and biodistribution in mice using (-)-5 -lsF-delta 8-THC. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1991 40 503-507. 

Sanchez-Gonzalez M., Garcia-Cabezas M., Rico B., Cavada C. (2005). The primate thalamus is a key target for brain dopamine. J. Neurosci 25, 6076-83. 

Bruinvels, A. T., Landwehrmeyer, B., Gustafson, E. L. et al. (1994). Localization of the 5-HTib, 5-HTiDct, 5-HTie and 5-HTlf receptor messenger RNA in rodent and primate brain. Neuropharmacology 33, 367-86. 

Innis, R., Baldwin, R.M., Sybirska, E., Zea, Y., Laruelle, M., Al-Tikriti, M., Chamey, D., Zoghbi, S., Wisniewski, G., Hoffer, P., Wang, S., Millius, R., and Neumeyer, J., Single photon emission computed tomography imaging of monoamine uptake sites in primate brain with [123I]CIT, Eur. J Pharmacol., 200, 369, 1991. 

Shaya, E.K., Scheffel, U., Dannals, R.F., Ricaurte, G.A., Carroll, F.I., Wagner, H.N., Jr., Kuhar, M.J., and Wong, D.F., In vivo imaging of dopamine reuptake sites in the primate brain using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and iodine-123 labeled RTI-55, Synapse, 10, 169, 1992. 

Madras, B.K. and Kaufman, M.J., Cocaine accumulates in dopamine-rich regions of primate brain after I.V. administration comparison with mazindol distribution, Synapse, 18, 261, 1994. 

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