Commercial diets

Ichikawa, R.A.Y.E. 1963 Strontium-calcium discrimination in rats feeding on rice, milk and commercial diets. Health Physics 9 717-720. 

Animal treatment. Male 100-g MRC-Wistar or Sprague-Dawley rats were fasted from the evening of the previous day but were given water. Non-fasted 30-35 g Swiss mice were used. Except where specified otherwise, the animals received a standard commercial diet (Wayne Lab Blox, Allied Mills). In the standard experiments, animals were gavaged with 25 mg morpholine (Fisher Scientific Co.) in 10 mL water/rat or 2 mg morpholine in 0.2 mL water/mouse. A stream of NO2 was prepared by suitable mixing (using Teflon tubing) of gas from a cylinder of 106 ppm N0 in N (Linde Division, Union Carbide Corp.) and compressed air. 

Results are given as mean + S.E. Rats received commercial diet. Semisynthetic diet was used. 

In addition to more rapid absorption of lipids in animals fed casein, another mechanism that may be operative is decreased clearance of circulating lipids. Rabbits fed a casein-based semipurified diet excreted significantly less cholesterol but more bile acids in their feces than animals fed a commercial diet (18). The total sterol excretion in feces of the animals fed the casein diet was half that of the rabbits fed the stock diet. Huff and Carroll (19) found that rabbits fed soy protein had a much faster turnover rate of cholesterol and a significantly reduced rapidly exchangeable cholesterol pool compared with rabbits fed casein. Similar studies performed in our laboratory revealed that the mean transit time for cholesterol was 18.4 days in rabbits fed soy protein, 36.8 days in rabbits fed casein, 33.7 days in rabbits fed soy plus lysine, and 36.3 days in rabbits fed casein plus arginine. These data suggest that addition of lysine to soy protein... 

A feeding experiment was conducted using field concentrations of the aikaloidal fraction and the total triterpenoid glycoside fraction of thirty related species of columnar cacti (most in the Pachycereeae). Survivorship was measured as + or - and indicates successful development, pupation and emergence after eggs were laid by several d, melanogaster or d. mojavensis females. The latter species is a desert fly known to specialize on several species of Pachycereeae the former is a nonspecialized, nondesert species. Heliothis zea larvae were also used in a separate bioassay of toxicity where compounds were added to commercial diet. 

Iron absorption. Tea, administered by gastric intubation to rats, did not affect iron absorption when tea was consumed for 3 days but when delivered in tea the absorption was decreased. Rats maintained on a commercial diet were fasted overnight with free access to water and then gavaged with 1 mL of Fe labeled FeC13 (0.1 mM or 1 mM) and lactulose (0.5 M) in water or black tea. Iron absorption was estimated from Fe retention. Intestinal permeability was evaluated by lactulose excretion in the urine. Iron absorption was lower with given with tea at both iron concentrations but tea did not affect lactulose excretion "". ... 

Platelets aggregation stimulation. Fruit juice, administered intravenously by infusion to dogs at a dose of 5 mL/min, was active. Total infusion was 300 mL h Oil, administered orally to six New Zealand white rabbits fed a commercial diet supplemented with 60 g/kg of coconut oil low in all PUFA for 60 days, produced a platelets aggregation induced by both thrombin and collagen significantly lower with either fish or linseed oil (n-3 PUFA), than with corn oil (n-6 PUFA) or the low PUFA coconut oil . 

An experiment was carried out in Vietnam by Bui et al. (2001) in which commercial diets with differing levels of CP were fed to growing broiler ducklings ad libitum. It was found that the ducklings preferred high-protein to low-protein feeds, resulting in excess protein intake and higher protein... 

The anti-oxidant 2,5-di-t-butylhydroquinone (DBH) retards weight gain when fed as 0.1-0.2% of a semipurified diet, but addition of similar levels of DBH to a stock diet is without effect. This effect was observed in both Holtzman and Long-Evans rats (13) (Table II). Amaranth (FD and C Red No. 2) is toxic to rats when fed as 5% of a semipurified diet. No rats fed this diet lived as long as 21 days. When the diet also contained 10% pectin, cellulose or alfalfa, however, the dye was not toxic and weight gain was optimum (14). Similar effects of semipurified and commercial diets were observed in Sprague-Dawley rats fed 5% Tartrazine (FD and C Yellow No. 5) or Sunset Yellow FCF (FD and C Yellow No. 6) (15). 

Feeding regime Any unmedicated commercial diet that meets the minimum nutritional standards of the test species... 

Finley JW, Caton JS, Zhou Z, et al. 1997. A surgical model for determination of true adsorption and biliary excretion of manganese in conscious swine fed commercial diets. J Nutr 127 2334-2341. 

Fasina, Y.O. H.L. Classen J.D. Garlich B.L. Black P.R. Ferket Z. Uni A.A. Olkowski. Response of Turkey poults to soybean lectin levels typically encountered in commercial diets. 2. Effect on intestinal development and lymphoid organs. Poultry Sci. 2006, 85, 870—877. 

Kennish, J.M., Chambers, K.A., Whipple, W.J., Sharp-Dahl, J.I., and Rice, S.D., 1992, Differences in lipid, fatty acid composition and cholesterol levels among tissues and among stocks for pen-reared Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) fed on a commercial diet, in Seafood Science and Technology, Bligh, E.G., Ed., Eishing News Books, London, 46. 

The ingredients in purified or chemically defined diets are not as stable as those in most commercial diets, and the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals recommends that these diets be stored at 39 F or colder. 

The protective effect of a protein-free diet on DMN toxicity was studied using liver and kidney slices 332, 447). The rate of metabolism of DMN in liver slices from rats fed a protein-free high-carbohydrate diet was less than half the rate observed with liver slices from controls fed a commercial diet, suggesting that more unmetabolized DMN would reach the kidneys of the rats on the protein-free diet. However, in kidney slices the rates of DMN metabolism were the same for both groups. These observations were correlated with a relatively higher level of DNA binding produced in vivo in the kidneys of the rats on the protein-free diet and to a higher incidence of kidney tumors in these rats compared to controls 176). Hepatic DMN demethylase activity was also diminished in rats fed a low-protein diet 331). 

Kotzamanis, Y. Venou, B. Alexis, M.N. (2009). Fish oil substitution by vegetable oils in commercial diets for gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata L.) effects on growth... 

In practice, many hatcheries, but also research institutes, provide a mixture of feeds to the rotifers microalgae, yeast or yeast-based commercial diet and oil (Srivastava et al, 2011). The mixture of these feeds is applied most of the time due to insufficient supply of live algae and in order, to reduce the feed costs and achieve rotifers which better nutritional quality. 

Fig. 6.10 Sinking patterns of commercial diets (Jackson and Nimmo, 2005).

Smith, D. M., Rogers, A. E., Herndon, B. J., and Newberne, P. M., 1975, Vitamin A (reti-nyl acetate) and benzo(a)pyrene-induced respiratory tract carcinoma in hamsters fed commercial diet. Cancer Res. 35 11. 

GW Schieffer, GP Wheeler, CO Cimino. Determination of folic acid in commercial diets by anion-exchange solid-phase extraction and subsequent reversed-phase HPLC. J Liq Chromatogr 7 2659-2669, 1984. 

Portman[6] observed that the rate of bile acid excretion in rats could be affected by dietary factors He found[6,7] that when rats were fed commercial diets they excreted greater quantities of cholic acid and digitonin precipitable steroids than when fed semipurified rations. The results of one of his experiments are summarized in Table 1. In rats fed a semipurified diet, cholic acid half life was... 

Collation of animal data on the effects of fiber on colon cancer offers little that is substantive[30]. Dietary fiber-colon cancer studies in rats have involved six rat strains, rats of both sexes, semipurified or commercial diets, different fibers fed in varying quantities, and carcinogens of various types administered orally, subcutaneously or intrarectally. However, some useful data have emerged. 

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