Lipid metabolism cholesterol

LSSA t Lanosterol synthase (2,3-oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase) Lipid metabolism/cholesterol biosynthesis... 

Lipid Metabolism Is Concerned Mainly With Fatty Acids Cholesterol (Figure 15-3)... 

Lipoproteins. A lipoprotein is an endogenous macromolecule consisting of an inner apolar core of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides surrounded by a monolayer of phospholipid embedded with cholesterol and apoproteins. The functions of lipoproteins are to transport lipids and to mediate lipid metabolism. There are four main types of lipoproteins (classified based on their flotation rates in salt solutions) chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). These differ in size, molecular weight, and density and have different lipid, protein, and apoprotein compositions (Table 11). The apoproteins are important determinants in the metabolism of lipoproteins—they serve as ligands for lipoprotein receptors and as mediators in lipoproteins interconversion by enzymes. 

Most commonly, the lipid metabolism pathology is manifest as hyperlipemia (elevated concentration of lipids in blood) and tissue lipidoses (excessive lipid de-position in tissues). Normally, the lipid contents in the blood plasma are total lipids, 4-8 g/litre triglycerides, 0.5-2.1 mmol/litre total phospholipids, 2.0-3.5 mmol/litre total cholesterol, 4.0-8.0 mmol/litre (esterified cholesterol accounts for 2/3 of total cholesterol). 

Leontowicz M, Gorinstein S, Bartnikowska E, Leontowicz H, Kulasek G and Trakhtenberg S. 2001. Sugar beet pulp and apple pomace dietary fibers improve lipid metabolism in rats fed cholesterol. Food Chem... 

Leng-Peschlow, E. (1993). Effect of fibre on key enzymes of cholesterol synthesis and degradation In "Workshop on the Mechanisms of Action of Dietary Fibre on Lipid and Cholesterol Metabolism." Published by the Commission of the European Communities, Luxembourg, pp. 99-101. 

The best-known effect of APOE is the regulation of lipid metabolism (see Fig. 10.13). APOE is a constituent of TG-rich chylomicrons, VLDL particles and their remnants, and a subclass of HDL. In addition to its role in the transport of cholesterol and the metabolism of lipoprotein particles, APOE can be involved in many other physiological and pathological processes, including immunoregu-lation, nerve regeneration, activation of lipolytic enzymes (hepatic lipase, lipoprotein lipase, lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase), ligand for several cell receptors, neuronal homeostasis, and tissue repair (488,490). APOE is essential... 

Lipid metabolism Raloxifene lowers serum total and LDL cholesterol by 6% to 11 % but does not affect serum concentrations of total HDL cholesterol or triglycerides. Take these effects into account in therapeutic decisions for patients who may require therapy for hyperlipidemia. 

Factor II), and Factors VII, VIII, IX, and X may increase. Sulfobromophthalein and other liver function test values may be increased the effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate on lipid metabolism are inconsistent. Both increases and decreases in total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (FIDL) cholesterol have been observed. 

Side-effects of thiazide diuretics predominantly consist of metabolic changes, such as hypokalaemia and rise of plasma uric acid levels, glucose, and lipids (total cholesterol and triglycerides). These metabolic changes are clearly less pronounced when... 

Lipid metabolism. Oil, administered orally to female C57BL/6 mice weaned at 21 d of age at a dose of 15% w/w for 6 weeks, increased the total lipids, triglycerides, LDL and VLDL cholesterol, and thioharhituric acid-reactive substances (TEARS) and reduced glutathione concentrations, without changes in phospholipids or total cho-... 

CN190 Zulet, M. A., A. Barber, H. Garcin, P. Higueret, and ]. A. Martinez. Alterations in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism induced by a diet rich in coconut oil and cholesterol in a rat model. J Am Coll Nutr 1999 18(1) 36-42. 

Lipid metabolism effects. Grains, in the ration of rats at a dose of 68 g/animal daily for 3 months, were active vs rats fed tapioca. Total serum cholesterol and triglycerides were higher than animals fed tapioca. Glucose-6-phosphate levels were lower, and triglyceride lipase and lipoprotein lipase were increased over levels found in the tapioca group k Seed oil, in the ration of rats at a concentration of 10% of the diet, was active. Liver triglycerides were lower in rats fed rice brain oil than those fed peanut... 

Miettinen, T. A., and S. Tarpila. Serum lipids and cholesterol metabolism during guar gum, Plantago ovata and high fiber treatments. Clinica Chim Acta 1989 183 253-262. 

Mechanism of Action An antihyperlipidemic, water-soluble vitamin that is a component of two coenzymes needed for tissue respiration, lipid metabolism, and glyco-genolysis. Inhibits synthesis of VLDLs, Therapeutic Effect Reduces total, LDL, and VLDL cholesterol levels and triglyceride levels increases HDL cholesterol concentration. 

The endoplasmic reticulum is composed of a convoluted network of channels and so has a large surface area. Apart from cytochromes P-450, the endoplasmic reticulum has many enzymes and functions, besides the metabolism of foreign compounds. These include the synthesis of proteins and triglycerides and other aspects of lipid metabolism and fatty acid metabolism. Specific enzymes present on the endoplasmic reticulum include cholesterol esterase, azo reductase, glucuronosyl transferase, NADPH cytochromes P-450 reductase and NADH cytochrome b5 reductase and cytochrome b5. A FAD-containing monooxygenase is also found in the endoplasmic reticulum, and this is discussed later in this chapter. 

UNIT III Lipid Metabolism Chapter 15 Metabolism of Dietary Lipids 171 Chapter 16 Fatty Acid and Triacylglycerol Metabolism 179 Chapter 17 Complex Lipid Metabolism 199 Chapter 18 Cholesterol and Steroid Metabolism 217... 

Until 1993 apolipoprotein E was best known for its central role in plasma lipoproteins and cholesterol transport (Fig. 21-1). However, one of the three common alleles of the apoE gene confers a significant risk of development of Alzheimer disease.12171218 A high blood cholesterol level is also correlated with increased risk.12191220 Membrane abnormalities in mitochondria have been associated with Alzheimer disease.1221 Also related to membranes and lipid metabolism, vitamin E appears to combat Alzheimer disease.843 1218... 

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