Respiration tissue

Potassium [7440-09-7] K, is the third, element ia the aLkaU metal series. The name designation for the element is derived from potash, a potassium mineral the symbol from the German name kalium, which comes from the Arabic qili, a plant. The ashes of these plants al qili) were the historical source of potash for preparing fertilisers (qv) or gun powder. Potassium ions, essential to plants and animals, play a key role in carbohydrate metaboHsm in plants. In animals, potassium ions promote glycolysis, Hpolysis, tissue respiration, and the synthesis of proteins (qv) and acetylcholine. Potassium ions are also beheved to function in regulating blood pressure. 

Schmitt, G., D. Berges et al. (1959). The effects of helenien and vitamin A on the primary sight process. B. Tissue respiration of the isolated retina under the influence of helenien and vitamin A (German). Z. Biol. Ill 213-219. 

Metabolic state of mitochondria, cells or tissues respiration and glycolysis... 

Winter flounder, Pleuronectes americanus 5.0 60 days Increased gill tissue respiration 18... 

After 96 h, gill tissue respiration was reduced and liver enzyme activity altered. Similar effects seen for silver nitrate and silver acetate 38... 

Gould, E. and J.R. Machines. 1977. Short-term effects of two silver salts on tissue respiration and enzyme activity in the cunner (Tautoglolabrus adspersus). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 18 401-408. 

Mechanism of Action An antihyperlipidemic, water-soluble vitamin that is a component of two coenzymes needed for tissue respiration, lipid metabolism, and glyco-genolysis. Inhibits synthesis of VLDLs, Therapeutic Effect Reduces total, LDL, and VLDL cholesterol levels and triglyceride levels increases HDL cholesterol concentration. 

Looking at the other end of the respiratory chain, Otto WarburgC/d noted in 1908 that all aerobic cells contain iron. Moreover, iron-containing charcoal prepared from blood catalyzed nonenzymatic oxidation of many substances, but iron-free charcoal prepared from cane sugar did not. Cyanide was found to inhibit tissue respiration at low concentrations similar to those needed to inhibit nonenzymatic catalysis by iron salts. On the basis of these investigations, Warburg proposed in 1925 that aerobic cells contain an iron-based Atmungsferment (respiration enzyme), which was later called cytochrome oxidase. It was inhibited by carbon monoxide. 

In its biochemical functions, ascorbic acid acts as a regulator in tissue respiration and tends to serve as an antioxidant in vitro by reducing oxidizing chemicals. The effectiveness of ascorbic acid as an antioxidant when added to various processed food products, such as meats, is described in entry on Antioxidants. In plant tissues, the related glutathione system of oxidation and reduction is fairly widely distributed and there is evidence that election transfer reactions involving ascorbic acid are characteristic of animal systems. Peroxidase systems also may involve reactions with ascorbic acid In plants, either of two copper-protein enzymes are commonly involved in the oxidation of ascorbic acid. 

Monin, Yu.G., Goncharevskaya, O.A. and Stolbov, A.Ya. (1989). The relationship between water-salt homeostasis and tissue respiration under varying muscle loading in horse-mackerel (In Russian). Vopmsy Ikhtiologii 29,842-847. 

Savina, M.V. (1992). Mechanisms of Tissue Respiration Adaptations in the Evolution of Vertebrates (In Russian). Nauka, St Petersburg, 200 pp. 

Stolbov, A.Ya. (1990). Tissue respiration and respiratory coefficients in Black Sea fishes at different periods of the annual cycle (In Russian). In Bioenergetics of Aquatic Organisms (G.E. Shulman, ed.), pp. 160-166. Naukova Dumka, Kiev. 

Krebs HA. Body size and tissue respiration. Biochim Biophys Acta 1950 4 249-269. 

Figure 9-18). Nicotinamide acts as a component of two important enzymes, NAD and NADP, which are involved in glycolysis, fat synthesis, and tissue respiration. Niacin is also known as the pellagra preventive factor. The incidence of pellagra has declined but is still a serious problem in parts of the Near East, Africa, southeastern Europe, and in North American populations that subsist on... 

Vitamin B5 Niacin (= nicotinic acid) and niacinamide (= nicotinamide) are supplied in the diet and converted in the body into the coenzymes nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). These coenzymes are important in tissue respiration. Nicotinic acid can also be formed from tryptophan via kynolin acid. 

For more than forty years, the potential for nephrotoxicity, particularly when fluoride induced, has influenced every aspect of the development of new inhaled anesthetics. This concern is based on the experience with methoxyflurane, which was introduced in the US in 1%0 [89]. The exact mechanism(s) responsible for fluoride nephrotoxicity have not been defined. The fluoride ion interferes with normal cell function on several levels. Fluoride inhibits several cellular enzyme systems and diminishes tissue respiration and anaerobic glycolysis [90]. The lethal dose of sodium fluoride in humans is approximately 5 g [90]. In the kidney. 

Arsenic affects mitochondrial enzymes and impairs tissue respiration. This appears to be related to the... 

The action on cell components results in inhibition of cellular division (mitosis) with decreased tissue respiration that leads to cell death. It produces eye, airway, and skin and mucous membrane injury that can be fatal. Systemic effects with extensive exposures include bone marrow inhibition with a drop in the white blood cell count and gastrointestinal tract damage. 

The antipellagra vitamin, essential to many animals for growth and health. In humans, niacin is believed necessary, along with other vitamins, for the prevention and cure of pellagra. It functions in protein and carbohydrate metabolism. As a component of two important enzymes, coenzymes I and II, it functions in glycolysis and tissue respiration. 

CAS 83-88-5. C17H20N4O6. A crystalline pigment, the principal growth-promoting factor of the vitamin B2 complex. It functions as a flavoprotein in tissue respiration. A syndrome resembling pellagra is thought to be due to riboflavin deficiency. 

Cyclic analogs of AET were examined in an attempt to find relationships between free SH content of the compound and reductive capacity, inhibition of tissue respiration, and radio-protective effect Where AET and APT gave 80-1005 protection to mice 730 r, alkylisothiourea derivatives had only a moderate effect (35-50 ), and aminoalkylmercaptolmidazollnes gave only 20-30 5 protection. It was concluded that inhibition of tissue respiration does not depend on SH content, and that release of SH, reductive capacity, and inhibition of tissue respiration determine toxicity rather than protective ability. 

---