Lineage

Germanium single crystals intended for electronic apphcations are usuaHy specified according to conductivity type, dopant, resistivity, orientation, and maximum dislocation density. They may be specified to be lineage-free unless the specified resistivity is below about 0.05 H-cm. Minority carrier lifetime and majority carrier mobHity are occasionaHy specified. 

Newcomen came from the ranks of practical tradesmen, unlike many industrial inventors who tended to be noblemen, philosophers and royal proteges. The Newcomen family had had an impressive lineage and had held its manor from the twelfth cen-tuiy until misfortune dropped them into obscurity four centuries later. Yet, a work ethic was instilled by Newcomen s grandfather, who became a merchant venturer (owning several ships), a freeholder of Dartmouth, treasurer for his town, and a staunch Parliamentarian. Elias Newcomen, the father of Thomas, was also a freeholder and a merchant of Dartmouth, trading to distant areas with a ship that he had inherited. 

The a subunits, for which two isoforms exist in mammals (al, a2), contain conventional protein serine/threonine kinase domains at the N-terminus, with a threonine residue in the activation loop (Thr-172) that must be phosphorylated by upstream kinases (see below) before the kinase is active. The kinase domain is followed by an autoinhibitory domain, whose effect is somehow relieved by interaction with the other subunits. The C-terminal domain of the a subunit is required for the formation of a complex with the C-terminal domain of the (3 subunit, which in turn mediates binding to the y subunit. The al and a2 catalytic subunit isoforms are widely distributed, although a2 is most abundant in muscle and may be absent in cells of the endothelial/hemopoietic lineage. 

During bone formation, a series of sequential changes occur in cells in the osteoblast lineage, including osteoblast chemotaxis, proliferation and differentiation, which in turn is followed by formation of mineralised bone and cessation of osteoblast activity. The osteoblast changes are preceded by osteoclast apoptosis, which may be dependent on active TGF- 3 released from the resorbed bone. This is followed by chemotactic attraction of osteoblasts or their precursors to the sites of the resorption defect. Chemotactic attraction of osteoblast precursors is likely mediated by local factors produced during the resorption process. 

Large granular lymphocytes, not belonging to either the T- or B-cell lineage. Natural killer (NK) cells are considered part of the innate defense system since, in contrast to cytotoxic T-cells, they are able to kill certain tumor cells in vitro without prior sensitization. The basal activity of NIC cells increases dramatically following stimulation with type I IFNs. In addition, NK cells display Fc-receptors for IgG and are important mediators of Antibody-Dependent-Cell-mediated-Cytotoxicity (ADCC). 

Repeated splitting of lineages of organisms into separate species has resulted in the great richness and diversity of life that lived in the past and is found on Earth today. Earth would be very different if speciation had been a rare event during the life s history. Biogeochemical cycles are influenced by millions of species, each adapted to live under a particular range of conditions and to use environmental resources in a particular way. 

M, Murphy KM Thl7 an effector CD4 T cell lineage with regulatory T cell ties. Immunity 2006 24 677-688. 

Murphy TL, Murphy KM, Weaver CT Interleukin-17-producing CD4+ effector T cells develop via a lineage distinct from the T-helper type 1 and 2 lineages. Nat Immunol 2005 6 1123-1132. 

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