Sulfonates metal complexes

Ligno sulfonate—metal complexes are weaker complexes than those formed from amine-based complexing agents such as ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA). They are compatible with most pesticides /herbicides, but thek use in phosphate fertilisers is not recommended. 

Changes in the backbone of the sulfonic acid azo dyes often produce drastic changes in properties of the materials. The disulfonic acid (5) is somewhat similar to (3), but is used to color leather red (77). More esoteric dyes have also been developed based on sulfonic acid metal complexes and chitosan-derived materials (78,79). 

Condensation of vinyl chloride with formaldehyde and HCl (Prins reaction) yields 3,3-dichloro-l-propanol [83682-72-8] and 2,3-dichloro-l-propanol [616-23-9]. The 1,1-addition of chloroform [67-66-3] as well as the addition of other polyhalogen compounds to vinyl chloride are cataly2ed by transition-metal complexes (58). In the presence of iron pentacarbonyl [13463-40-6] both bromoform [75-25-2] CHBr, and iodoform [75-47-8] CHl, add to vinyl chloride (59,60). Other useful products of vinyl chloride addition reactions include 2,2-di luoro-4-chloro-l,3-dioxolane [162970-83-4] (61), 2-chloro-l-propanol [78-89-7] (62), 2-chloropropionaldehyde [683-50-1] (63), 4-nitrophenyl-p,p-dichloroethyl ketone [31689-13-1] (64), and p,p-dichloroethyl phenyl sulfone [3123-10-2] (65). 

Certain dyes when appHed by the afterchrome method are oxidized prior to metal complex formation. Examples iaclude. Chromotrope EB [3567-69-9] (52) (Cl Acid Red 14 Cl 14720) (naphthionic acid — l-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid) ia which a hydroxyl group is iatroduced by oxidation at the... 

Acid Dyes. These water-soluble anionic dyes ate appHed to nylon, wool, sUk, and modified acryHcs. They ate also used to some extent for paper, leather, food, and cosmetics. The original members of this class aU had one or mote sulfonic or catboxyHc acid groups in thein molecules. This characteristic probably gave the class its name. Chemically, the acid dyes consist of azo (including preformed metal complexes), anthraquiaone, and ttiaryHnethane compounds with a few azHie, xanthene, ketone imine, nitro, nitroso, and quHiophthalone compounds. 

The major problem of these diazotizations is oxidation of the initial aminophenols by nitrous acid to the corresponding quinones. Easily oxidized amines, in particular aminonaphthols, are therefore commonly diazotized in a weakly acidic medium (pH 3, so-called neutral diazotization) or in the presence of zinc or copper salts. This process, which is due to Sandmeyer, is important in the manufacture of diazo components for metal complex dyes, in particular those derived from l-amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid. Kozlov and Volodarskii (1969) measured the rates of diazotization of l-amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid in the presence of one equivalent of 13 different sulfates, chlorides, and nitrates of di- and trivalent metal ions (Cu2+, Sn2+, Zn2+, Mg2+, Fe2 +, Fe3+, Al3+, etc.). The rates are first-order with respect to the added salts. The highest rate is that in the presence of Cu2+. The anions also have a catalytic effect (CuCl2 > Cu(N03)2 > CuS04). The mechanistic basis of this metal ion catalysis is not yet clear. 

Quinoline-5-sulfonic acid, 8-hydroxy-7-iodo-metal complexes absorptiometry, 1,549 Quinolinium salts in gravimetry, 1, 535 Quinolinol metal complexes color photography, 6,107 8-Quinolinol biological activity, 6, 771 gallium and indium complexes radiopharmacology, 6, 971 radionuclide complexes radiopharmacology, 6,994 8-Quinolyl sulfate hydrolysis metal catalysis, 6,465 Quinones... 

Preparation of mixed metal oxides - The sulfated metal oxides (zircoiua, titaiua and tin oxide) were synthesized using a two-step method. The first step is the hydroxylation of metal complexes. The second step is the sulfonation with H2SO4 followed by calcination in air at various temperatures, for 4 h, in a West 2050 oven, at the temperature rate of 240°C hSulfated zirconia Zr0Cl2.8H20 (50 g) was... 

Another important class of pigment are the so-called toner pigments. These are water-soluble dyes containing sulfonic acid groups which are insolubilized by forming a salt with a divalent cation such as calcium and barium5 (Scheme 2). Until recently the toner pigments were perceived merely as insoluble salts but X-ray studies have shown them to exist as supramolecular metal complexes (see Section 9.12.4.2). 

In fact, one metal complex has already had considerable clinical application in PDT, although its regulatory approval status is not clear at present. The photosensitizer has the trade name PHOTOSENS and may be represented by structure (7). It is prepared by the direct sulfonation of chloroaluminum(III)-phthalocyanine, and the isolated material appears to contain a mixture of... 

Ferrocene is a very stable compound that melts at 173 °C and can be sublimed without disruption of the metal complex. Many reactions exhibited by ferrocene are essentially those of an aromatic organic compound. For example, sulfonation of ferrocene can be achieved as follows ... 

Water-soluble transition-metal complexes have been used recently for transfer hydrogenolysis of halocarbons. Paetzold and Oehme [110] have realized the reductive dehaiogenation of allyl or benzyl halides in the presence of [(phosphine) 2PdCl2] complexes with sulfonated phosphines as ligands (e.g., Ph2P(CH2)3S03K) by... 

The class of hydroxyanthraquinone pigments comprises two different groups of compounds metal complexes of hydroxyanthraquinones on the one hand and metal salts of hydroxyanthraquinone sulfonic acids on the other hand. Some of the products are metal chelates. 

Soroka K, Vithanage RS, Phillips DA et al (1987) Fluorescence properties of metal complexes of 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid and chromatographic applications. Anal Chem 59 629-636... 

The major problem of these diazotizations is oxidation of the initial aminophenols by nitrous acid to the corresponding quinones. Easily oxidized amines, in particular aminonaphthols, are therefore commonly diazotized in a weakly acidic medium (pH 3) so-called neutral diazotization or in the presence of zinc or copper salts. This process, which is due to Sandmeyer, is important in the manufacture of diazo components for metal complex dyes, in particular those derived from l-amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid. 

---