Light oil Distillation

A blend of Wilsonville recycle solvent (75 weight percent) and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (25 weight percent) was prepared for use as the solvent in experiments simulating the second process step, which would use hydrogenated solvent. Analyses and distillation data for this solvent are also given in Table 2. Tetralin boils below 232 C and was collected in the light oil distillation fraction during product workup. 

Dyes.—The toluidines are of great importance in the manufacture of dyes. In making the dye fuchsine a mixture of aniline and ortho-and para-toluidine is used, known as aniline red. It is obtained by starting with the distillation product of coal tar known as 50 per cent benzene (p. 498), or the fraction of light oil distillate boiling at iio°-140°. This is nitrated and then reduced. In making the dye safranine a mixture of aniline and ortho-toluidine is used, and this mixture, therefore, is called aniline for safranine. 

Kenney, J. A., "Coke-Oven, Light-Oil Distillates in the Paint and Varnish Industry" In "Protective and Decorative Coatings" John Wiley and Sons New York, 1941 Vol. I, Chap. 26. 

Hofmann found only small amounts of aniline in coal-tar, but when he found benzene in the light oil distilled from the tar he prepared nitrobenzene and reduced this to aniline with nascent hydrogen from zinc and dilute acid, using as a test for benzene its conversion into nitrobenzene, the reduction of this to aniline, and the formation of a blue or purple colour with this and bleaching powder (see p. 184). Bechamp found that nitrobenzene is reduced to aniline by ferrous acetate but not by other ferrous salts, and also by iron filings and acetic acid. This was the foundation of the aniline dye industry, iron and hydrochloric acid being generally used. 

Benzene (from light oil distillation) 0 1859-1868 Aniline blue... 

Feedstocks are light vacuum distillates and/or heavy ends from crude distillation or heavy vacuum distillates from other conversion processes visbreaking, coking, hydroconversion of atmospheric and vacuum residues, as well as deasphalted oils. 

Several descriptions have been pubUshed of the continuous tar stills used in the CIS (9—11). These appear to be of the single-pass, atmospheric-pressure type, but are noteworthy in three respects the stills do not employ heat exchange and they incorporate a column having a bubble-cap fractionating section and a baffled enrichment section instead of the simple baffled-pitch flash chamber used in other designs. Both this column and the fractionation column, from which light oil and water overhead distillates, carboHc and naphthalene oil side streams, and a wash oil-base product are taken, are equipped with reboilers. 

First, the tar acids were removed from the naphtha fractions of light oils and, in the case of CVR tars, carboHc oil. The oils were then mixed with 25—35% sulfuric acid. After separation of the sulfates, the aqueous solution was diluted with water and the resinous material skimmed off. The diluted sulfate solution was boiled to expel any neutral oils, dried by the addition of soHd caustic soda or a2eotropically with ben2ene, and fractionated to yield pyridine, 2-methylpyridine (a-picoline), and a fraction referred to as 90/140 bases, which consisted mainly of 3- and 4-methylpyridines and 2,6-dimethylpyridine (2,6-lutidine). Higher boiling fractions were termed 90/160 and 90/180 bases because 90% of the product distilled at 160 and 180°C, respectively. 

Until the 1940s light oil obtained from the destmctive distillation of coal was the principal source of benzene. Except for part of the World War 11 period, the quantity of benzene produced by the coal carbonization industry was sufficient to supply the demand even when a large portion of benzene was used for gasoline blending. 

Extracts (petroleum), heavy naphthenic distillate solvent Extracts (petroleum), heavy paraffinic distillate solvent Extracts (petroleum), light naphthenic distillate solvent Extracts (petroleum), light paraffinic distillate solvent Extracts (petroleum), light vacuum gas oil solvent Euel oil no. 6... 

An electrostatic precipitator is used to remove more tar from coke oven gas. The tar is then sent to storage. Ammonia liquor is also separated from the tar decanter and sent to wastewater treatment after ammonia recovery. Coke oven gas is further cooled in a final cooler. Naphthalene is removed in a separator on the final cooler. Light oil is then removed from the coke oven gas and is fractionated to recover benzene, toluene, and xylene. Some facilities may include an onsite tar distillation unit. The Claus process is normally used to recover sulfur from coke oven gas. During the coke quenching, handling, and screening operation, coke breeze is produced. The breeze is either reused on site (e.g., in the sinter plant) or sold offsite as a by-product. 

Aucordiug toSch immel i Co, normal American worm-seed oil con lams from 63 to 63 per cent. oI ascaridol, and about 22 per cent, ol cymene. Light oils o( iufcrior qnalitv, duo probably to the quality ol the material distilled, having a specific gravity abont 0 942, contain Item 45 to 50 per cent, of ascaridol aod aboal 36 per cent, ol hvdrooaibons. ii... 

In the case of sweet basil, Ocimwn basilicum, Charabot and Hubert have examined the essential oils distilled from plants which had been cultivated in full light and from those kept shaded from the light. Jn the former case the oil contained 57 3 per cent, of estragol and 42 7 per cent, of terpene compounds, whilst in the case of the shaded plants the estragol had risen tO 74 2per cent, and the terpene compounds fell to 25 8 per cent. 

In 1899 Thoms isolated an alcohol from Peru balsam oil, which he termed peruviol. This body was stated to have powerful antiseptic properties, but has not been further investigated until Schimmel Co. took up the subject. The oil after saponification was fractionated, and after benzyl alcohol had distilled over, a light oil with characteristic balsamic odour passed over. It boiled at 125° to 127° at 4 mm., and had a specific gravity 0 8987, optical rotation -1- 12° 22, and refractive index 1-48982. This body appeared to be identical with Hesse s nerolidol, whilst in physical and chemical properties it closely resembles peruviol. The characters of the various preparations were as follows —... 

Oil well completed in Italy kerosine from the oil later used for lighting First distillation of gas from coal. 

The growth of petroleum consumption has been quite substantial as a result of increasing demand for its distillation products. As examples, mention may be made of use of gasoline as a motor fuel, of light oil for diesel engines, of distillate and residual oils for industrial and domestic heating. 

Largest sources waste ammonia liquor, ammonia distillation, crude light oil recovery Typical wastewater volume ... 

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