Early life stages -test

Panter, G.H., Hutchinson, T.H., and Hurd, K.S. et al. (2006). Development of chronic tests for endocrine active chemicals—Part 1. An extended fish early-life stage test for oestrogenic active chemicals in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Aquatic Toxicology 77, 279-290. 

Fish early life stage test (fresh and salt water)... 

Sherry, J.P, Scott, B.F and Dutka, B. (1997) Use of various acute, sublethal and early life-stage tests to evaluate the toxicity of refinery effluents, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16 (11), 2249-2257. 

Weil M, Sacher F, Scholz S, et al. Gene expression analysis in zebrafish embryos A potential approach to predict effect concentrations in the fish early life stage test. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2009 28(9) 1970-1978. 

Goodman, L.R., D.J. Hansen, G.M. Cripe, D.P. Middaugh, and J.C. Moore. 1985b. A new early life-stage toxicity test using the California grunion (Leuresthes tenuis) and results with chlorpyrifos. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 10 12-21. 

Hansen, D.J., L.R. Goodman, J.C. Moore, and P.K. Higdon. 1983. Effects of the synthetic pyrethroids AC 222, 705, permethrin and fenvalerate on sheepshead minnows in early life stage toxicity tests. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2 251-258. 

Spehar, R.L., D. Tanner, and J.H. Gibson. 1982. Effects of kelthane and pydrin on early life stages of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and amphipods (Hyalella azteca). Pages 234-244 in J.G. Pearson, R.B. Foster, and W.E. Bishop (eds.). Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Symposium on Aquatic Toxicology. ASTM Spec. Tech. Publ. 766. Amer. Soc. Testing Mater., 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103. 

EPA Ecological Effects Test Guidelines, OPPTS 850.1400 Fish Early-Life Stage Toxicity Test, 1996. 

Hansen, D J., Goodman, L.R., Gripe, G.M., and Macauley, S.F. Early life-stage toxicity test methods for gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta) and results using chlorpyrifos, Ecotoxlcol. Environ. Saf., 11 (1) 15-22, 1986. 

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Draft Update OECD Guideline or Testing of Chemicals - Fish Early-Life Stage Toxicity Test, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Paris, France, 1991 OECD guidelines, TGP/145, 22 pp. 

ASTM Standard Guide for Conducting Early Life-Stage Toxicity Tests With Fish, Annual Book of ASTM Standards American Society for Testing of Materials Philadelphia, USA, 1991 Vol. 11.04, 857-882. 

Tyler C.R., R. van Aerie, T.H. Hutchinson, S. Maddix, and H. Trip (1999). An in vivo testing system for endocrine dismptors in fish early life stages using induction of vitellogenin. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18 337-347. 

By far the most comprehensive research into AHR-related effects of PCDD/Fs on fish was a retrospective analysis of Lake Ontario lake trout reproductive impairment due to AHR-mediated early life stage mortality [16]. This includes blue sac disease as well as sublethal effects, which may increase susceptibility of sac fry and alevins to increased mortality and predation during swim-up. Lake trout are more susceptible to AHR-mediated toxic effects than any other Great Lakes species, with the possible exception of mink. WHO TEFs for fish were used to calculate the 2378-TCDD equivalent (TECegg or TEQ) concentrations in lake trout eggs. The validity of the additive toxicity equivalence model was established through early life stage trout toxicity tests. The WHO fish TEFs are likely to be fairly robust for lake trout, since they were determined primarily from relative potency values for effects in embryos of a related salmonid, rainbow trout, even if the relative sensitivity of the species to 2378-TeCDD toxicity may be different. 

Environment Canada. (1998) Biological Test Method Toxicity Tests Using Early Life Stages of Salmonid Fish (Rainbow Trout), Environmental Protection, Conservation and Protection,... 

McKim JM. 1977. Evaluation of tests with early life-stages of fish for predicting long term toxicity. J Fish Res Board Can 34 1134—1154. 

OECD 210 (1992b) OECD guidlines for testing of chemicals. 210. Fish, early-life stage toxicity test. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France. 

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