Life cycle stages costs

A checklist analysis (CCPS, 1992) verifies the status of a system. It is versatile, easy and applicable at any life-cycle stage of a process. It is primarily used to show compliance with standards and practices by cost-effectively identifying hazards, chlorine Tar> <- liccklists provide commonality for management K.-, icw of hazard assessments. It may be used for controlling a proces.s from development to decommissioning. Approvals by appropriate authorities Cl i( V each stage of a project. 

The classic experiments of McKim et al. (1976) on the chronic effects of toxicants in which three generations of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were exposed to methyl mercuric chloride led to a scientifically based appreciation of the fact that the early life stages could be used for assessing chronic toxicity (McKim 1977). Due to the cost of complete life-cycle tests and the time required for their completion, increasing attention has been directed to truncated tests for chronic toxicity, and to the effects of toxicants on sensitive life stages. Nonetheless, there is substantial evidence that clearly exposes the limitations in the conclusions which can be drawn if only early life-cycle stages are examined. 

The first characteristic is the duration of the product life cycle, which reveals significant information about a customer segment. During the life cycle stages of a product, criteria demanded by customers vary. Thus, at the beginning of the life cycle, design and capability play an important role, whereas at the sam-ration stage of a product, cost-related factors are most important. 

Micro-scaling or bottom up approach to quality costs, where it is possible to calculate the cost of losses involved in manufacture and due to returns and/or claims. This method requires a great deal of experience and relies on the availability of detailed cost data throughout a product s life-cycle. While this is a crucial activity for a business, it is also not a practical approach for estimating the quality cost for product in the early stages of product development. 

Consider a product whose product cost is Pc. The costs due to failure at the various stages of the product s life cycle have been investigated, and in terms of Pc, they have been found to be (Braunsperger, 1996 DTI, 1992) ... 

The tools in CCPS (1994a) can be used in each stage of the chemical process life cycle to help evaluate the tradeoffs involving human factors between various options. In many cases, low cost options in design can make the operations inherently safer from a human factors perspective. 

The ECO method was developed to aid environmental impact and cost optimisation of chemical synthesis pathways or processes suitable for the research and development (R D) stage. In order to represent terms of ecological as well as economic sustainability, three objective functions which incorporate (i) energy demand (EF), (ii) risks concerning human health and the environment (EHF) and (iii) costs (CE), were defined. Their calculation follows the life cycle approach and is based on the data available already in R D. Because the application of a comprehensive LCA is both, too complex and based on data which are partially not available at the R D stage, the determination of the three objective functions is based on the SLCA approach extended by economic issues. The key objectives are introduced below. 

Robust analysis phase The construction of Catalysis business and requirements models covers more than in the more conventional style. In Catalysis, more of the important decisions are pinned down. As a result, there is less work later in the design stage and less work over the maintenance part of the life cycle, the part that accounts for most of a software system s cost. (To cope with any uncomfortable feeling of risk that this approach may generate, see the remarks in Sections 1.11.2 and 1.11.3.)... 

Life-cycle inventory How much does the present process stage cost Time Space How much waste and what is the cost ... 

Regulatory compliance costs at each stage of the product life cycle... 

---