Leishmania tropica

Umbellatine was examined by Gupta and Kahali, who found that it killed Paramoecium at 1 in 500 and Leishmania tropica at 1 in 50,000, but did not inhibit L. donovani or Entamoeba histolytica at 1 in 10,000. It remembles berberine in the nature and range of its pharmacological activity but is more active in producing cardiovascular response and is possibly more potent in the treatment of oriental sore. 

Perez-Victoria, J.M. et al.. Correlation between the affinity of flavonoids binding to the cytosolic site of Leishmania tropica multidrug transporter and their efficiency to revert parasite resistance to daunomycin. Biochemistry, 38, 1736, 1999. 

MDR-TR (Leishmania tropica NBD2 domain) [21] (COX) [inhibits histamine release, AI, allergen]... 

Leishmaniasis - Over 100 compounds with known antiparasitic activity were tested against Leishmania mexieana mexicana M379, Leishmania tropica major Pj and Leishmania donovani HV3 in cell culture.114 Several antimalarial compounds including 5-, 6- and 8-aminoquinolines, quinazolines, amidinoureas and dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors showed sufficient activity to warrant further study. 

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is characterized by one or more slowly healing superficial ulcers that may be painful. These lesions are liable to further infection and may remain as open sores or become hard, wartlike nodules. The form of cutaneous leishmaniasis referred to as New Wodd disease is caused by species of the Leishmania (Viannia) bra iliensis complex (L bra liensis, L gujanensis, L panamanesis, and L peruviana) and species of the Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana complex (L mexicana, L ama onensis, and L vene uelensis) in the western hemisphere. Old World disease (oriental sore, Delhi or Baghdad boil) is caused by Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major m. Asia, Africa, and southern Europe, and Leishmania aethiopica, restricted to eastern Africa. The incubation period for cutaneous leishmaniasis ranges from a few weeks to several months. Spontaneous cures can take place in a period ranging from one month to several years. 

Leishmaniasis Leishmania brasiliensis Leishmania donovani Leishmania tropica Leishmania mexicana South and Central America S. America and S. Russia Asia, N. Africa, and S. Europe Mexico, Central America, and Amazon basin ... 

Simon, M. W. and Mukkada, A. J. (1983) Intracellular protein degradation in Leishmania tropica promastigotes. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 7 19-26. 

Konigk, E. (1978) Purine nucleotide metabolism in promastigotes of Leishmania tropica inhibitory effect on allopurinol and analogues of purine nucleosides. Tropenmed. Parasitol. 29 435-438. 

Garvey, E. P., Coderre, J. A. and Santi, D. V. (1985) Selection and properties of Leishmania tropica resistant to 10-propargyl-5,8-dideazafolate, an inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 17 79-91. 

Shin, I.-S. Wataya, Y. Characterization of nucleoside phosphotransferase from Leishmania tropica. Nucleosides Nucleotides, 14, 13-22 (1995)... 

Jacobson RL. Leishmania tropica (Kinetoplastida Ttypanosomatidae)—a perplexing parasite. Folia... 

Reithinger R, Mohsen M, Wahid M et al. Efficacy of thetmotherapy to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica in Kabul, A%hanistan A randomized, controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 2005 40(8) 1148-55. 

Rosypal AC, Werbovetz KA, Salem M Stephens CE, Kumar A, Boykin DW, Hall JE, Tidwell RR. Inhibition by Dications of in vitro growth of Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica causative agents of old world cutaneous leishmaniasis. Journal of Parasitology 2008 94, 743-749. Doi 10.1645/GE-1387.1. 

The protozoan parasites of family Trypanosomatidae and order Kinetoplastida are responsible for three main clinical syndromes of leishmaniasis cutaneous (caused by Leishmania tropica and L. mexicana), mucocutaneous (caused by L. braziliensis), and visceral (caused by L. donovani). The Leishmania species, L. tropica and L. donovani found in Africa, Europe, and Asia, are often termed as the Old World, while the species L. mexicana and L. braziliensis are restricted to the America and commonly referred to as the New World [3]. The visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has an estimated incidence of 500,000 new cases and 60,000 deaths each year with more than 90% of cases are centralized to India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sudan, and Brazil [4],... 

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