Leishmania major

Zhou Y, N Messier, M Ouellette, BP Rosen, R Mukhopadhyay (2004) Leishmania major LmACR2 is a pentavalent antimony reductase that confers sensitivity to the drug Pentostam. J Biol Chem 279 37445-37451. 

Sato N, Ahuja SK, Quinones M, et al. CC chemokine receptor (CCR)2 is required for langerhans cell migration and localization of T helper cell type 1 (Thl)-inducing dendritic cells. Absence of CCR2 shifts the Leishmania major-resistant phenotype to a susceptible state dominated by Th2 cytokines, b cell outgrowth, and sustained neutrophilic inflammation. J Exp Med 2000 192(2) 205-218. 

Brown, J.A., Titus, R.G., Nabavi, N. and Glimcher, L.H. (1997) Blockade of CD86 ameiliorates Leishmania major infection by downregulating the Th2 response. Journal of Infectious Diseases 174, 1303—1308. 

Licochalcone (50) is a natural product that is isolated from the roots of Chinese liquorice and is reported to have antileishmanial activity [49]. A series of chromene-substituted chalcones related to licochalcone have been reported to have antileishmanial activity [50]. Compound 51 was reported to have an IC50 of 1.2 pM against Leishmania major promastigotes versus meglumine antimoniate (IC50 =30 pM). Various compounds related to 51 have potent antileishmanial activity (IC50 < 3 pM) with potency similar to 51, but they did not show cytotoxicity. 

Bacillus anthracis Eubacteria 4.50 parvum Leishmania major Protozoa 33.6... 

Elloso, M.M. and Scott, P., Expression and contribution of B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86) in the early immune response to Leishmania major infection, J. Immunol., 162, 6708, 1999. 

Green, S.J. et al., Activated macrophages destroy intracellular Leishmania major amasti-gotes by an L-arginine-dependent killing mechanism, J. Immunol., 144, 278, 1990. 

Campbell C, McSharry C. Alexander J, LiewFY CD44-CD254- regulatory T cells suppress differentiation and functions of Thl and Th2 cells, Leishmania major infection, and colitis in mice. J Immunol 2003 170 394-399. 

The ability of mast cells to promote and even to shape acquired immune responses was further corroborated by Maurer et al. [14] investigating host defense mechanisms in Leishmania major... 

Maurer M, Lopez KS, Siebenhaar F, et al Skin mast cells control T cell-dependent host defense in Leishmania major infections. FASEB J 2006 20 2460-2467. 

SufSa I, Reckling SK, Salay G, Belkaid Y A role for CD103 in the retention of CD4+CD25+ Treg and control of Leishmania major infection. J Immunol 2005 174 5444-5455. 

Belkaid Y, Hoffmann KF, Mendez S, Kamhawi S, Udey MC, Wynn TA, et al The role of interleukin (IL)-IO in the persistence of Leishmania major in the skin after healing and the therapeutic potential of anti-IL-10 receptor antibody for sterile cure. J Exp Med 2001 194 1497-1506. 

Samaras N, Spithill TW. The developmental regulated PI00/1 IE gene of Leishmania major shows homology to a superfamily of reductase genes. J Biol Chem 1989 264 4251 1254. 

Infection with parasites e.g., Crithidia species (23), Leishmania major (24). 

Boulanger, N., Lowenberger, C., Volf, P, et al. (2004) Characterization of a defensin from the sand fly Phlebotomus duboscqi induced by challenge with bacteria or the protozoan parasite Leishmania major. Infect. Immun. 72(12), 7140-7146. 

Chavali AK, Whittemore JD, Eddy JA et al (2008) Systems analysis of metabolism in the pathogenic trypanosomatid Leishmania major. Mol Syst Biol 4 177... 

The cloning, overexpression, purification and characterization of the exopolyphosphatase (LmPPX) from Protozoa Leishmania major have been reported (Rodrigues et al., 2002a). The gene sequence shows a similarity with PPX1. The product of this gene (LmPPX) has 388 amino acids and a molecular mass of 48 kDa. Heterologous expression of LmPPX in Escherichia coli produced a functional enzyme that was similar to the... 

The intracellular levels of short- and long-chain PolyPs were measured by means of polyphosphate glucokinase assay in Leishmania major promastigotes incubated in a... 

Leishmania major promastigotes contain electron-dense vacuoles (LeFurgey et al.,... 

J. J. Blum (1989). Changes in orthophosphate, pyrophosphate and long-chain polyphosphate levels in Leishmania major promastigotes incubated with and without glucose. J. Protozool., 36, 254-257. 

B. Moreno, J. A. Urbina, E. Oldfield, B. N. Bailey, C. O. Rodrigues and R. Docampo (2000). 31P NMR spectroscopy of Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania major. J. Biol. Chem., 275, 28356-28362. 

C. O. Rodrigues, F. A. Ruiz, M. Vieira, J. E. Hill and R. Docampo (2002a). An acidocalcisomal exopolyphosphatase from Leishmania major with high affinity for short-chain polyphosphate. 

Reiner SL, Locksley RM The regulation of immunity to Leishmania major. Annu Rev Immunol 1995 13 151-177. 

A similar model is obtained vs. the bifunctional protozoal DHFR from Leishmania major, which is coupled to thymidylate synthase (211). 

A quick comparison of QSAR 1.82-1.84 reveals the strong similarity between the avian and mammalian models. In fact because of its increased stability, chicken liver DHFR has often been used as a surrogate for human DHFR in enzyme-inhibition studies. The intercepts, coefficients with Tr g and optimum tt q for avian (6.33, 1.01, 1.9), human (6.07, 1.07, 2.0), and mouse leukemia (6.12, 0.98, 1.76) can be compared to the corresponding values for P. carinii (6.48, 0.73, 3.99) and Leishmania major (5.05, 0.65, 4.54). ( SAR 1.81 and 1.87 are not included in the comparison because crude pigeon enzyme was used in... 

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