Laser Microprobe Mass Analysis LAMMA

The primary methods of analyzing for lead in environmental samples are AAS, GFAAS, ASV, ICP/AES, and XRFS (Lima et al. 1995). Less commonly employed techniques include ICP/MS, gas chromato-graphy/photoionization detector (GC/PID), IDMS, DPASV, electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPXMA), and laser microprobe mass analysis (LAMMA). The use of ICP/MS will become more routine in the future because of the sensitivity and specificity of the technique. ICP/MS is generally 3 orders of magnitude more sensitive than ICP/AES (Al-Rashdan et al. 1991). Chromatography (GC,... 

Eeckhaoudt S, Vandeputte D, Van Praag H, et al. 1992. Laser microprobe mass analysis (LAMMA) of aluminum and lead in fine roots and their ectomycorrhizal mantles of Norway spruce (picea abies (1.) karst.). Tree Physiol 10 209-215. 

For example, microprobe analysis of complex samples (laser microprobe mass analysis LAMMA) was performed by using a setup with no expansion chamber and by focusing the laser beam on a small area on the surface of the sample. Although coal and shale samples were successfully analyzed using LAMMA [52], the nature of the bonding in these types of materials cannot be evaluated because it is not clear if a certain compound is the result of desorption or of pyrolysis. More successfully analyzed were the inorganic components of such composite materials where the thermal decomposition was not a concern. 

Other techniques utilize lasers for sample evaporation/pyrolysis and excitation such as laser induced desorption (LID) or laser microprobe mass analysis (LAMMA) (see e g. [1]). Some of the sample introduction procedures in Py-MS enhance the information obtained from Py-MS by the use of time-resolved, temperature-resolved, or modulated molecular beams techniques [10]. In time-resolved procedures, the signal of the MS is recorded in time, and the continuous formation of fragments can be recorded. Temperature-resolved Py-MS allows a separation and ionization of the sample from a platinum/rhodium filament inside the ionization chamber of the mass spectrometer based on a gradual temperature increase [11]. The technique can be used either for polymer or for additives analysis. Attempts to improve selectivity in Py-MS also were done by using a membrane interface between the pyrolyzer and MS [12]. 

These techniques fall into two categories those considered as routine (e.g. atomic absorption and emission spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence) and a growing number of microanalytical surface techniques (e.g. laser microprobe mass analysis [LAMMA] and sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe [SHRIMP]). Each analytical technique requires specific sample preparation prior to analysis, as summarised in Table 13.1. 

Solomon B, Koppel R, Jossiphov J Immunostaining of calmodulin and aluminium in Alzheimer s disese-affected brains. Brain Res Bull 55 253-256, 2001 Stem AJ, Perl DP, Munoz-Garcia D, et al Investigation of silicon and aluminum content in isolated senile plaque cores by laser microprobe mass analysis (LAMMA) (abstract). J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 45 361,1986 Trapp GA, Miner GD, Zimmerman RL, et al Aluminum levels in brain in Alzheimer s disease. Biol Psychiatry 13 709-718, 1978... 

Stern, A., Perl, D., Munoz-Garcia, D., Good, R., Abraham, C. and Selkoe, D. (1986) Investigation of a silicon and aluminium content in isolated senile plaque cores by laser microprobe mass analysis (LAMMA). J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 45 361. 

X-ray diffraction, light scattering, light mod-nlation, IR spectroscopy, and j6-ray absorption are some of the techniques for asbestos analysis. Indnstrially processed asbestos fibers may be characterized by laser microprobe mass analysis (LAMMA). Organic components adsorbed on the asbestos snrface at... 

DeWaele, J., and F. Adams. 1985. Study of asbestos by laser microprobe mass analysis (LAMMA). NATO ASI Ser. B119 273-75 cited in Chem. Abstr. CA 705(18) 153028k. 

Laser microprobe mass analysis/ LAMMA, 1 pm Mass spectrum AH elements Laser excitation Reproducibility 105... 

The brain is prone to suffer oxidant damage due to its relatively low content of antioxidant enzymes (Carrillo et al. 1992) and its high content of iron, as shown in neuromelanin by Laser microprobe mass analysis (LAMMA) (Good et al. 1992). Immu-noreactive catalase protein decreased in the hypothalamus and the prefrontal cortex of the ageing rat brain (3 vs. 12 months) by 63 and 55 %, respectively (CiRiOLO et al. 1997). Iron will be easily released when the cells are injured and cannot be safely bound as cerebrospinal fluid has not any significant iron binding capacity. The toxicity of 02 " has been... 

Principles and Characteristics Laser microprobe mass spectrometry (LMMS, LAMMS), sometimes called laser probe microanalysis (LPA or LPMA) and often also referred to as laser microprobe mass analysis (LAMMA , Leybold Heraeus) [317] or laser ionisation mass analysis (LIMA , Cambridge Mass Spectrome-try/Kratos) [318], both being registered trademarks, is part of the wider laser ionisation mass spectrometry (LIMS) family. In the original laser microprobe analyser, emitted light was dispersed in a polychro-mator. Improved sensitivity may be obtained by secondary excitation of ablated species with an electric spark. In the mass spectrometric version of the laser microprobe, ions formed in the microplasma... 

A number of techniques are available, including laser microprobe mass analysis (LAMMA) and various microprobes, that are capable of determining within tissues or cell preparations the cellular and subcellular distribution of lead in situ. While these techniques generally require varying levels of sample preparation (e.g., tissue fixation, cell suspensions, etc.), they provide powerful tools for probing different cellular compartments and processes involving lead. Thus, the site-specific distribution of lead can be used to evaluate local toxicity, which can be correlated with pathological alterations in tissues. 

Schmidt PF, Barpkhaus RH (1991) How can toxic elements be localized in histological sections by laser microprobe mass analysis (LAMMA) Prog Histochem Cytochem 23(l-4) 342-354. 

Vandeputte D, Verbueken A, Jacob W, Van Grieken R (1985) Laser microprobe mass analysis (LAMMA) to study lead intoxication at the subcellular level. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 59(Suppl VII) 617-629. 

The defining attribute of laser microprobe mass spectrometry (LMMS) is the use of a focused laser to irradiate a 5- 10 pm spot of a solid sample at a power density above 10 W cm. The photon solid interaction yields ions which are mass analysed by time of-flight (TOF) or Fourier transform (FT) MS. The technique is sometimes referred to as laser probe microanalysis (LPA or LPMA), laser ionization mass analysis (LIMA) and laser microprobe mass analysis (LAMMA). 

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