Land use

Onshore processing facilities, and modules brought onshore, have to be cleaned of all hazardous compounds and scrapped. Cellars of single wells, drilling pads, access roads and buildings will have to be removed. If reservoir compaction affects the surface area above the abandoned field future land use may be prevented, in particular in coastal or low land environments. 

World rice production has been increasing at approximately 7 million t/yr since 1950. Land use for rice production increased from 103 million ha in 1950 to 146 million in 1978. Since 1978 the acreage has remained fairly constant. The increase in production since 1978 has been the result of higher yields per ha (increasing from 2.58 in 1978 to 3.16 million t/ha in 1988). 

Table 25. Nonfederal Rural Land Use in United States by Type, 1987, 10 hm ...

Land used for production of crops for harvest alone or in rotation with grasses and legumes. 

Land used for the production of adapted, introduced, or native species in a pure stand, grass mixture, or a grass-legume mixture. 

California land-use regulations and growth control Latin American environmental initiatives environmental issues, acid rain, recycling, greenhouse effect... 

Conservation, Land Use, and Other Areas Subject to Regulation... 

A new facihty should be located ia an area that is economically suitable (see Plant location). At the same time, the social, environmental, and aesthetic effects must be considered. These decisions are part of land-use pohcies. As of this writing (1996), there is no national land-use program. However, there are certain laws that cover portions of this decision-making process and some states have such programs. 

A recent review of research on phosphorus input to surface waters from agriculture highlights the variability of particulate and dissolved phosphorus contributions to catchments. The input varies with rainfall, fertilizer application rates, the history of the application of the fertilizer, land use, soil type, and between surface and sub-surface water. The balance struck between export of nutrients from the catchment and recipient-water productivity is the primary factor which controls its quality. 

Williams et alN produced an inventory of soil NO emissions for the United States based on land use category and soil temperature variations, and estimated that on an annual basis the soil source was only 6% of the man-made NO, source. 

F or NjO, estimates of soil emissions are perhaps slightly more straightforward, simply because so much more information on soil NjO emissions is available. For agricultural soils, estimates as a percentage of fertilizer input have been published " and, for the remaining land use classes listed in Table 5, mean annual emissions from a series of long-term flux measurements are available. The total annual soil NjO emissions for the ElK (27 kt N) are very similar to the annual soil NO emissions. Soils, however, have by far a greater impact on the... 

Health and Safety Executive (HSE), Risk Criteria for Land-Use Planning in the Vicinity of Major Industrial Hazards, London HMSO, 1989. 

Ultimate disposal taxes Land use taxes Tax remission... 

Land Lease Costs. If there are annual payments for land use, this item of expense is often kept separate from other operating costs, since it does not inflate at the same rate as other costs. If the land is purchased, it cannot be depreciated for tax purposes. 

Consultation distances (in relation to major hazard and other sites, e.g. LPG, chlorine, for land use planning) HSE assessments for consultation distances for major hazard installations. Chapter 5 in Safety Cases (Lees and Ang, 1989)... 

A pesticide formulation plant should prepare and implement an emergency preparedness and response plan that takes into account neighboring land uses and the potential consequences of an emergency or accidental release of harmful substances. Measures to avoid the release of harmful substances should be incorporated in the design, operation, maintenance, and management of the plant. Pollution control equipment employed in this sector include baghouses for removal of particulate matter and carbon adsorption for removal of VOCs. 

SCREEN allows for the selection of urban or rural dispersion coefficients. The urban dispersion option is selected by entering a U (lower or upper case) in column 1, while the rural dispersion option is selected by entering an R (upper or lower case) in column 1. Determination of the applicability of urban or rural dispersion is based upon land use or population density. In general, if 50 percent or more of an area 3 km around the source satisfies the urban criteria (Auer, 1978), the site is deemed in an urban setting. Of the two methods, the land use procedure is considered more definitive. 

Auer, Jr., A.H., 1978. Correlation of Land Use and Cover with Meteorological Anomalies. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 17 (5) 636-643. 

Choose the most appropriate runoff coefficient for your site or calculate a weighted-average coefficient, which takes into account different types of land use at your facility ... 

A designer fails to identify and consider the environmental land use implications of dismantling a process at the end of its useful life. 

The extent of cleanup that is necessary to protect human health and welfare aries with different use ctitegories. Residential development is probably the most sensiti e type of land use because of the long-term and multiple e.xposure routes and because of potential e.xposure to the most sensitive population segments (e.g., children and elderly persons). E.xcavation and removal appears to be the remedial tiction alternative selected at most sites where there is redevelopment. This is because no one can guaratitee tliat a site is stife (i.e., offers zero risk) unless all contaminants are removed. Neitlier a developer nor a municipality can accept responsibility for site safety as long as haznrdous materials remain there. In situ treatment approtiches are seldom iewed is the best option because they are unproven and because 100% detoxification or stabilization caimot be achieved. 

One should identify exposure pathways that have the potential to expose the same individual or sub-population at the key exposure areas evaluated in the exposure assessment, making sure to consider areas of highest exposure for each patliway for both current and future land-uses (c.g., nemest down-gradient well, nearest dowiuvind receptor). For each pathway, the risk estimates and hazard indices have been developed for a particular exposure area... 

Carbon dioxide is released into the environment by human activities such as fuel burning, cement production, and land use. 

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