Land use, intensification

Box 1.1 Land-use intensification from chemicais production. Reproduced from Winterton [5], copyright 2003, with kind permission from Springer Science and Business Media. 

Land-use intensification factor 10 To within 1 order or magnitude... 

The Jhikhu Khola watershed represents one of the most intensively used watersheds in the region and the Yarsha Khola watershed, somewhat less intensively used, should be considered more typical of the Middle Mountain region. The problems in the Jhikhu Khola are thus a reflection of what is in store if population growth and land use intensification continue to increase in these mountain areas. 

The philosophy of process intensification has been traditionally characterized by four words smaller, cheaper, safer, slicker. And indeed, equipment size, land use costs, and process safety are among the most important PI incentives. But process intensification can (and should) also be placed in a broader context—the context of sustainable technological development. Several years ago DSM published a picture symbolizing its own vision of process intensification (32), in which skyscraping distillation towers of the naphtha-cracking unit are replaced by a compact, clean, and tidy indoor plant (see Figure 3). The importance of PI for sustainable development and its role in the company s responsible business has been further stressed in a recent publication by the company s CEO, Peter Elverding (33). Here,... 

The rapid increase in sedimentation was observed in the sediment record of Jiaozhou Bay, which is also a common phenomenon in coastal areas, especially in recent years. Intensification of land use, rapid population growth, deforestation, and urbanization have resulted in a significant increase in the delivery of sediments to the bay since the 1980s. Before the 1980s, the sedimentation rates of the inner bay and outer bay maintained a relatively steady... 

This situation existed from colonial times when land legislations, monetization, and the imposition of taxation led to both the intensification and extensifica-tion of agricultural land use for additional cultivation of cash crops (Tanko, 2005). 

First generation biofuels (ethanol in particular) face three major criticisms (1) intensification of their use leads to competition with food resources ( efood versus fuel debate), (2) ethanol production from com grain requires significant consumption of fossil resources, in such a way that there are minimum benefits from the carbon emissions perspective, and (3) there is a requirement of land to grow com. 

This rapid expansion did not go unopposed. In the rhetoric used by Khrushchev to disgrace both Malenkov (who especially had favored intensification of agriculture on existing lands) and Molotov, he cited them as part of an anti-party group that opposed the progress exemplified by this project. The key issues seemed to hinge... 

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