Land-use history

Entwhistle, J. A., Abrahams, P. W., and Dodgshon, R. A. (1998). Multi-element analysis of soils from Scottish historical sites. Interpreting land-use history through physical and geochemical analysis of soil. Journal of Archaeological Science 25 53-68. 

Steenwerth, K.L., Jackson, L.E., Calderon, F.J., Stromberg, M.R. and Scow, K.M. 2003. Soil microbial community composition and land use history in cultivated and grassland ecosystems of coastal California. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 35(3) 489-500. 

Kalbitz, K., Geyer, W., and Geyer, S. (1999). Spectroscopic properties of dissolved humic substances—a reflection of land use history in a fen area. Biogeochemistry 47, 219-238. 

Goodale C. L. and Aber J. D. (2001) The long-term effects of land-use history on nitrogen cycling in northern hardwood forests. Ecol. Appl. 11, 253-261. 

Gaillard, M.-J., J. A. Dearing, F. El-Daoushy, M. Enell H. Hakansson, 1991. A multidisciplinary study of the lake Bjaresjosjon (S. Sweden) land-use history, soil erosion, lake trophy and lake-level fluctuations during the last 3000 years. Hydrobiologia 214 107-114. 

WeUs, T.C.E., et al., Ecological Studies on the Porton Ranges Relationships between Vegetation, Soils and Land-Use History , Journal of Ecology, 64 (1976), 2, pp. 589-626. 

A recent review of research on phosphorus input to surface waters from agriculture highlights the variability of particulate and dissolved phosphorus contributions to catchments. The input varies with rainfall, fertilizer application rates, the history of the application of the fertilizer, land use, soil type, and between surface and sub-surface water. The balance struck between export of nutrients from the catchment and recipient-water productivity is the primary factor which controls its quality. 

Carbon dioxide Natural and industrial potential carbon sources exist volcanic activity, living organism respiration, fossil fuel combustion, cement production, changes in land use. Natural CO2 fluxes into and out of the atmosphere exceed the human contribution by more than an order of magnitude. The rise in atmospheric CO2 concentration closely parallels the emission history from fossil fuels and land use changes. 

Figure 9.4 shows one interpretation of the atmospheric CO2 history of Earth over a time period of 100 million years. The geologic record of atmospheric CO2 will be addressed in detail in Chapter 10 of interest here is the possibility that humankind activities of fossil fuel burning and land use practices could lead to future atmospheric CO2 levels rivaling those of the past. Furthermore the future time scale of atmospheric CO2 change may be shorter than any period of CO2 change the Earth has experienced in 100 million years. 

A second factor that may determine the rate of biomass accumulation is species composition. Secondary forests on sites with histories of intensive land use, and that are far from sources of tree seeds, may be depauperate in some of the fast growing pioneer species that are responsible for rapid biomass accumulation during initial secondary forest growth (Uhl et al. 1988). 

The gradient approach requires a great deal to be known about the landscape of the watershed, airshed, or other division of the area under consideration. Ideally, it is nice to have data on land use, geology, the hydrology, soil types, sediment composition, types of contaminants, the history of disturbance, and other information available when deciding a sampling plan. These data may not be available, and this uncertainty should be reported. 

Likelihood factors are associated with the system attributes associated with the individual causes of failure. Likelihood factors include such considerations as pipe coating, degree of cathodic protection, soil conditions, pipe age, and maintenance history for corrosion control and depth of burial surrounding land use and activities, one-call system effectiveness, effectiveness of system marker signs, and other factors for third-party damage potential, to cite some examples. 

M., Milyokova, I., Wirth, C., Ltihker, B., Lloyd, J., Valentini, R., Dore, S., Marchi, G., Schulze, E.-D. (1999). Exchange of carbon dioxide and water vapour between the atmosphere and three central Siberian pine forest stands with different aged trees, land-use and fire history. Agric. For. Meteorol. (submitted). 

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