Kodak formulas

Variations on D-76 The packaged Kodak formula contains a number of additional chemicals to prevent the metol from deteriorating in the presence of the sodium sulfite and enable it to mix easily in all types of hard and soft water. This allows the formula to be sold as a single package. 

The most widely used developer in the world, Kodak D-76, fells under the category of general-purpose developers. D-76 was formulated in 1927 byj. G. Capstaff of Kodak as a black and white movie film developer. However, not long afterwards better movie-film developing formulas were introduced and D-76 found use as a still-film developer. Eventually, it became the standard by which to judge all other developers. It was not that D-76 was the best developer ever formulated. It was more that a standard was needed and D-76 had the best all-around compromise of sharpness to grain with a full tonal range from black to white. 

The classic pyro formula, known as ABC because it uses three stock solutions, is the oldest published formula still in use, dating to the 1880s. At one time or another, the formula was used by Edward Weston, Brett Weston, Ansel Adams, and almost any large-format photographer working in the first half of the twentieth century. There are several variations, the most notable being Kodak D-l, Ansco 45, and Defender 1-D, and different opinions as to the ratio of the three ingredients. 

Here is the classic Kodak D-l formula as it is traditionally published. 

Those which bond an inorganic compound directly to the silver in the image, in effect coating it (Formulas Toners Kodak GP-1 and GP-2 Gold Protective Solution and Nelson Gold Toner). 

Purplish to reddish-browns are usually the result of using some form of selenium or copper. Several formulas are commercially available. Among them are Berg Selenium Toner and Brown CopperToner , Ilford Selenium Toner , and Kodak Rapid Selenium Toner . 

However, by using a single-solution, sulfur-reacting toner such as Kodak T-la Hypo-Alum Sepia Toner or Kodak T-8 Polysulfide Toner (Formulas Toners Brown Toners) it is possible to convert the entire print at once. When this is done, the print cannot degenerate any further and instead of a ruined print the result is an archival print. 

The classic formula for gold protective toning is Kodak GP-1 Gold Protective Solution. Like selenium toner, GP-1 not only protects the print but causes a minimum color shift. What shift there may be is toward a slight blue-black that some photographers find pleasing. With some papers, GP-1 will also improve separation in the highlights. 

Silver Intensification Silver intensification has a noticeable effect on low values, which is where thin, underexposed negatives usually need help. It does, however, have the unfortunate habit of staining everything black. Wear gloves and try not to get it on your hands or clothes, but if you accidentally stain yourself, try using the Developer Stain Remover for Hands found in Formulas. Instructions for silver intensification will be found in Formulas Negative Intensifiers Kodak IN-5 Silver Intensifier. 

Most authors recommend the first developer be very active and include a silver solvent, such as potassium thiocyanate or sodium thiosulfate, in order to clear the highlights in preparation for redevelopment. D-19 + 30 ml of sodium thiocyanate = D-67 which fits the description as does D-76 + Thiosulfate. However, going against tradition David Wood recommends not using anything with thiocyanate or thiosulfate in the first developer. Instead, he recommends the use of Kodak D-l 1. All three first developer formulas are given in Formulas Reversal Processing. 

Substitutions Balanced Alkali is a proprietary formula of the Eastman Kodak Company and is no longer being produced. However, there are many published formulas which still call for it. The composition is known to be sodium metaborate, octahydrate. Sodium metaborate is commonly sold in the octahydrate state, as it is the most stable. Therefore, weight-for-weight substitution can be made. 

Notes Potassium thiocyanate can produce actual reduction in the size of individual silver halide grains by virtue of its dissolving action. As a result of physical development, it produces a more homogeneous deposition of silver. It is used in concentrations of 1.0 to 1.5g/liters in certain developers, such as Kodak DK20 (DK-20 is not included in the formulas found in this edition). 

Notes At one time, pyro was a universally used developer. It was even available in prepackaged formulas from companies such as Eastman Kodak. Unfortunately, it has been almost entirely replaced by metol-hydroquinone- and Phenidone-hydroquinone-type developers. The main reasons are that pyro stains, it must be handled carefully, and it does not keep well in solution. In other words, it is not as commercially viable as other forms of developers. 

For some formulas, such as Kodak D-76, time/temperature data is readily available from Kodak. Where possible I have included a range of times. Other formulas will have to have times determined for your working methods. When in doubt follow Gordon Hutching s maxim, It s always 12 minutes. ... 

This is a fine-grain developer with medium to low contrast. The grain is softer than that produced by Kodak D-23. This formula was originally designed to produce fine grain for small format negatives. As with most fine-grain developers it will cause a loss of emulsion speed of at least one stop. 

This formula is indistinguishable from Kodak D-76 and can be used in exactly the same way, including the same development times. It has the advantage of costing less to make, being more environmentally friendly, and being more stable than D-76. 

Ilford markets the formula in two packages, separating the metol from the sulfite, under the name ID-11. This eliminates some, though not all, of the extra chemicals found in the Kodak version. 

A film developer similar to Kodak XTOL. Like XTOL, this is a more environmentally friendly developer. Unlike XTOL, this formula uses readily available chemicals. 

This formula was originally designed by Marilyn Levy to record nuclear blasts on conventional films. It is capable of recording light over a 20-stop range. With modern films, the results are low in contrast. However, with films such as Kodak Technical Pan (discontinued), it produces a full gray tonal scale. 

This formula is similar to Kodak D-82 (not reproduced in this edition) with an increase in hydroxide and the addition of benzotriazole for low temperature processing. 

This formula gives a one-stop true speed increase, with grain and sharpness equivalent to Kodak D-76. This developer is panthermic, meaning it can be used at any temperature between 68F/20C and 80F/28C without altering the time. 

This formula produces at least a one-stop true speed increase with grain and sharpness similar to Kodak D-76. 

Similar to Kodak D-72 and Defender 54-D, this formula produces a more pronounced blue-black on some papers. 

This formula is similar to the proprietary formula Kodak Selectol. 

This toning formula works similarly to Kodak Rapid Selenium Toner. 

Under Miscellaneous Formulas you will find a number of useful items. Kodak S-6 stain remover, for example, which will help remove both oxidation and developer stains from film. I hope you will never need to use it, but I have included it just in case ... 

Test experiments need to be made with these kinds of samples at these wavelengths, i.e. 0.5 A on a multipole wiggler and 0.3 A on an undulator (harmonic). The intensity of these beams will compensate for the increase in exposure time resulting from the X2 effect of the Darwin formula (section 6.1). At 0.5 A the absorption efficiency of an IP is still reasonable (50%) and at 0.33 A (37.5 keV) it is —44%. The Ba K edge at 0.331 A usefully enhances the stopping power of an IP from 19% just above the edge to 44% just below it. By comparison photographic film (Kodak DEF) would only absorb 8% of the photons at 0.33 A. 

For more than a century, Kodak has collected chemicals related to its photography and other business. The ciurent inventory numbers a half million compoimds, stored in bottles on chemists shelves or logged as formulas in computers. 

Eastman Kodak has many laboratories worldwide, all with their own information departments, but the Information and Computer Technology Division in Rochester, and in particular the Application and Data Resources Unit, is responsible for the 555,000 compounds in the Chemical Registry System (under both MACCS and CAS Registry System software). There are also on file 17000 reactions under REACCS, 190,000 reports and 65,000 patents in a photographic patents index. The Chemical Information Centre holds 1,100,000 index cards, half of them in accession number order and half in molecular formula sequence. 

Processing Chemicals and Formulas for Black-and-White Photography, Kodak Publication J-1 (1973). 

Source Kodak Technical Literature (ACCUMAX 2000) for polyester film Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, Longman, London, 1973, p. 254 H. J. I ischbcck and K. H. Fischbeck, Formulas, Facts and Constants, Spiinger-Verlag, Berlin, 1987, for glass data. 

---