Stopping range

Ziegler, J. F., Biersack, J. P. Littmark, U. 1985. The Stopping Range of Ions in Solids. Pergamon Press, New York. 

Double-check that there is no stray light in the darkroom. This includes LEDs on timers and temperature control units. Then go through dry runs of the operation because you will be working in complete darkness. You will need to be able to adjust your exposure time for at least a 4-stop range in half-stop increments. I adjusted my setup to enable exposures (in seconds) of 4,6,8,12,16,23,30,45, and 60. 

This formula was originally designed by Marilyn Levy to record nuclear blasts on conventional films. It is capable of recording light over a 20-stop range. With modern films, the results are low in contrast. However, with films such as Kodak Technical Pan (discontinued), it produces a full gray tonal scale. 

Two types of positive muon beams are possible (1) surface muons, arising from pions decaying at rest close to the surface of the production target, with a momentum of 28 MeV/c and a stopping range of 140 mg cm 2 (corresponding to a water layer 1.4 mm... 

During the course of these studies the necessity arose to study ever-faster reactions in order to ascertain their elementary nature. It became clear that the mixing of reactants was a major limitation in the study of fast elementary reactions. Fast mixing had reached its high point with the development of the accelerated and stopped-flow teclmiques [4, 5], reaching effective time resolutions in the millisecond range. Faster reactions were then frequently called inuneasurably fast reactions [ ]. 

An approximate measure of the projected range can be found using LSS theory (8) for ions in the energy range where nuclear stopping dominates... 

Ion—Sobd Interactions. F. Ziegler, J. P. Biersack, and U. Littmark,T, Stopping and Range of Ions in Solids Pergamon Press, Inc., New York, 1985. 

---