Weston, Edward

All three of the famous Westons—Edward, Brett, and Cole—used amidol paper-developing formulae. All three were famous for their rich blacks and full-scale print tones. All three used different amidol formulae. There is some confusion as to the formula each one used, and more than one has surfaced for Brett and Edward. It may be possible that they used different formulae during the course of their long careers. 

Edward Weston (1850-1936) was a giant in the history of electrical measuring instruments. In the held of measurement, he developed three important components the standard cell, the manganin resistor and the electrical indicating instrument. 

A brief discussion of standard cells, together with a short biography of Edward Weston, may be found at http //www.humboldt.edu/ scimus/HSC.54-70/Descriptions/ WesStdCell.htm. Alternatively, http //www.humboldt.edu/ scimus/Instruments/Elec-Duff/StdCellDuff.htm is also useful, although its symbolism does not always adhere to SI or IUPAC. 

Ikeda et al., 2000 Narita et al., 2000). KAtp channels have been shown to be opened by Gj/0-proteins (Edwards and Weston, 1993) and could thus mediate the inhibitory effect of morphine at the cellular level. Furthermore, such an interaction would also explain the antagonism and potentiation of morphine analgesia by Katp channel blockers and openers, respectively (see above). However, a recent electrophysiological study demonstrated that Katp channels do not mediate the effect of morphine in ventrolateral PAG neurones (Chiou and How, 2001). 

Edwards, G. and Weston, A. H. The pharmacology of ATP-sensitive potassium channels, Annual Reviews Pharmacology Toxicology 1993, 33, 597-637. 

G Edwards, AH Weston. Structure-activity relationships of K+ channel openers. TIPS 11 417-422, 1990. 

The classic pyro formula, known as ABC because it uses three stock solutions, is the oldest published formula still in use, dating to the 1880s. At one time or another, the formula was used by Edward Weston, Brett Weston, Ansel Adams, and almost any large-format photographer working in the first half of the twentieth century. There are several variations, the most notable being Kodak D-l, Ansco 45, and Defender 1-D, and different opinions as to the ratio of the three ingredients. 

Edward Weston s Variation The main difference between standard ABC Pyro and Edward Weston s variation is the dilution ratio. Weston diluted the formula with 30 parts of water. The result was a softer working developer with an even fuller than usual tonal scale. 

Aerial oxidation does not appear to be as serious with Edward Weston s dilution since the amount of developing agent has been increased three times, allowing the process to be complete before the developer reaches a point of exhaustion conducive to staining. 

Edward (top) and Brett Weston s Amidol formulae as given to Richard C. Miller. The handwriting is Richard s. 

All three of the famous Weston s—Edward, Brett, and Cole—used amidol paper developer formulae. Each had his own variation. All four of the following formulae are used undiluted and should be followed by running water or a citric acid stop bath. 

BB solution was a proprietary liquid restrainer marketed by DuPont, once a leader in the manufacture of film and paper. When added to a developer it will create cooler tones on enlarging paper. It was reputedly used by Edward Weston in his amidol formula. According to Dody Thompson, Edward s former assistant and Brett s second wife, Edward may have tried it at one time but did not use it as he preferred warm tone images. Brett, on the other hand, preferred cooler tones and may well have used BB while it was available. 

Brett Weston, one of the greatest practitioners of the West Coast School of Photography, pioneered by his father, Edward Weston, Ansel Adams, Wynn Bullock, and Imogen Cunningham, destroyed almost seventy years worth of negatives on his eightieth birthday because he refused to allow anyone else to print his work. Why To paraphrase Brett, there may be someone who could print his work better, but then it wouldn t be his. 

Some of the greatest practitioners have been cooks. Edward Weston learned the simple formulas he used throughout his long and prolific career in photography school. Paul Caponigro still mixes and matches formulas to suit his taste. Edward could be considered a cook, Paul a chef. 

Burnham, M. P., Bychkov, R., Feletou, M., Richards, G. R., Vanhoutte, P. M., Weston, A. H., and Edwards, G. 2002. Characterization of an apamin-sensitive small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel in porcine coronary artery endothelium relevance to EDHF. Br. J. Pharmacol. 135 1133-1143. 

Edward Weston Contributions to Electro Chemical Industry. 

In ASM and vascular smooth muscle relaxation occurs in response to a class of drugs, which include cromakalim and 1-cromakalim, which are known to activate the opening of channels. These agents are thought to aa on a third subtype of channel - the ATP-sensitive channel (Katp). which opens in response to a fall in cytosolic ATP (Edwards and Weston 1993). 

Bray, K.M., Weston, A.H., Duty, S., Newgreen, D.T., Long-more, J., Edwards, G. and Brown, T.J. (1991). Differences between the effects of cromakalim and nifedipine on agonist-induced responses in rabbit aorta. Br. J. Pharmacol. 102, 337-344. 

As to acknowledgment of indebtedness, apart from the self-evident one to the contributors, I wish especially to thank Dr. Edward Weston, E. A. C. Smith, W. Y. Westervelt, H. C. Parmelee and Percy Barbour, apart from the last s evident work as contributor, though probably no friend of mine has escaped being asked for advice on this book in the last two years. 

In 19671 took an introductory course in photography. Most of the students (including me) came into that course hoping to learn how to be creative—to take pictures like the ones I admired by artists such as Edward Weston. On the first day the teacher patiently explained the tong list of technical skills that he was going to teach us during the term. A key was Ansel Adams ... 

Zaugg HE, Kyncl J (1983) New antihypertensive cannabinoids. J Med Chem 26 214-217 Zygmunt PM, Hogestatt ED, Waldeck K, Edwards G, Kirkup AJ, Weston AH (1997) Studies... 

Edwards, G. Weston, A. H. Mol. Cell. Mech. Cardiovasc. Regul., (Sendai Int 1996) Springer, Tokyo, Japan. Meeting Date 1995, 93-109. 

Busse R., Edwards G., Eeletou M., Heming I., Vanhoutte P.M., and Weston A.H. (2002). EDHE bringing the concepts together. Trends In Pharmacological Sciences, 23 374—380. 

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