Kidney cancer complications

Bone metastases are common in many advanced cancers and are a clinically relevant source of skeletal morbidity. Nearly 30% of all malignant tumors induce bone metastases Qemal et al. 2004 Thomas et al. 1996). Most often, the spinal column (80%) and the femur (40%) are affected. In particular, breast, lung and bronchus, prostate and kidney cancer types have a high rate of inducing bone metastases. Prostate cancer in males and breast cancer in females are the most common cancer types (Jemal et al. 2004). In the US 33% of the estimated new cases of cancer in males are induced by prostate cancer (230,110 cases of new prostate cancer per year). Of the new cases in females, 32% are induced by breast cancer (215,990 cases of new breast cancer per year) (Jemal et al. 2004 Thomas et al. 1996). Of all patients with breast and prostate cancer, 60%-80% develop bone metastases. Pain is the most frequent complication in metastatic bone disease. More than 80% of patients suffer from pain with a reduction of mobility and life quality therefore they have a high risk of concomitant complications. Therapy of bone metastases has three main goals ... 

Two forms of gold provide medical treatments. The radioactive isotope Au-198, with a short half-life of 2.7 days, is used to treat cancer and is produced by subjecting pure gold to neutrons within a nuclear reactor. A gold salt, a solution called sodium thiosulfate (AuNa O Cl ), is injected as an internal treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. However, since gold and some of its compounds are toxic when ingested, this treatment may cause complications such as skin rashes and kidney failure. It is a less popular treatment, particularly with the development of newer and more effective medications. 

Influenza is responsible for several thousand deaths each year. Individuals over the age of 65, residents of long-term care facilities, and patients with long-term health problems (i.e., diabetes, HIV or AIDS, heart disease, kidney disease, lung disease, cancer) are at highest risk for severe influenza and complications. Yearly vac-... 

Monoclonal antibodies (MAb) or MAb fragments have been described above as homing devices for soluble and participate carriers however, they can also be used in their own right as soluble carriers. The first marketed (1986) MAb for therapeutic use was the anti-CD3 antibody OKT3, for the prevention of rejection of kidney transplants. More recently, MAb for the treatment of post angioplasty complications (ReoPro) and for the treatment of colorectal cancers (Panorex) have been introduced. 

Hemorrhagic cystitis and bladder cancer are well-known complications of cyclophosphamide. The damage to the urinary bladder epithelium is caused by acrolein, a metabolite of cyclophosphamide that is excreted in the urine. In bone marrow transplant recipients, prior administration of busulfan, which itself causes hemorrhagic cystitis, can increase this risk (23). Mesna (2-mercaptoethane sodium sulfonate) is used to prevent this adverse effect. It is excreted by the kidney, and it binds and detoxifies acrolein in the urine mesna also prevents the breakdown of acrolein precursors. Intravesical prostaglandin E2 has been suggested as an alternative treatment (23). 

CHRONIC HEALTH RISKS increased risk of lung cancer decreased pulmonary function pneumonia bronchitis asthma liver and kidney damage effects on gastrointestinal and immune systems effects on the blood contact dermatitis skin ulcerations sensitivity nasal itching and soreness complications during pregnancy and childbirth chromate salts are suspected carcinogens. 

Once in the organism, solvents will undergo biotransformation which essentially takes place in the liver. This metabolism very often leads to more water-soluble products than the parent compound and, as such, more easily excreted by the kidneys. This detoxication process is beneficial for the individual but varies greatly from one subject to another. Unfortunately, this metabolic detoxication can be complicated by the appearance of reactive intermediates which, if not rapidly inactivated, will destroy the essential constituents of the cells (proteins, nucleic acids, unsaturated lipids) and cause INTOXICATION. The latter ranges from a simple allergic reaction to tissue necrosis or, at worst, to cancer. Table 16.2.1 summarizes the different events which can occur in the organism. 

Urinary tract - kidney A 59-year-old woman with metastatic rectal cancer treated with bevacizumab developed lower back pain after 11 cycles of chemotherapy. CT scan revealed perirenal haematoma, the first such report associated with bevacizumab. Symptoms improved upon withdrawal of fhe mAb. Because of bevacizumab s known involvement in several types of bleeding complications, it was concluded that it was probably responsible for the haematoma [116 ]. 

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