Judgment and Experience

Many jobs qualify for immediate JSA/JHA because of the potential hazards involved. For example, the lifting of heavy equipment frequently poses hazards. Because jobs rely on experience and judgment, these jobs present a real ongoing hazard to workers. 

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Interpreta.tlon, Whereas statistical tests estabhsh whether results are or are not different from (over) an exposure criteria, the generaUty of this outcome must be judged. What did the samples represent May the outcome, which is inferred to cover both sampled and unsampled periods, be legitimately extrapolated into the future In other words, is the usual assumption of a stationary mean vaUd AH of these questions are answered by judgment and experience appHed to the observations made at the time of sampling, and the answers are used to interpret the quantitative results. 

The actual liquid-to-gas ratio (solvent-circulation rate) normally will be greater than the minimum by as much as 25 to 100 percent and may be arrived at by economic considerations as well as by judgment and experience. For example, in some packed-tower applications involving veiy soluble gases or vacuum operation, the minimum quantity of solvent needed to dissolve the solute may be insufficient to keep the packing surface thoroughly wet, leading to poor distribution of the liquid stream. 

Assessing your target audience s knowledge base and information needs is not aiways an exact science, nor does it need to be an exhaustive process. Reiy on your own judgment and experience and seek out the opinions of others whose insights you trust. The key question you need to answer at this point is. How much information does this person need from me to make an inteiligent decision ... 

Remember, there is no substitute for judgment and experience. Consider these quantitative exercises as toois or methods to guide your team s determination of the right priorities, not as absoiute formuias. in addition, keep in mind that your goai is to improve the overaii status of process safety as part of a continuing effort—not as a singie action, event, or siiver builet. ... 

The schedule of projects must often be adjusted to reflect the influence of the key decision maker assigned to the work. If he requires complete detailed figures before reaching any decision, time will necesssuily be consumed. On the other hand if he applies judgment and experience to the basic factors (less details), then the over-all direction of the project can be continually pointed in a profitable direction in the minimum of time. In reality actual multipliers are often applied to the time schedule of a project to reflect the type of decision-maker involved. 

I think it is important not to always presume vendors of components are infallible— neither the IC manufacturers nor the discrete suppliers. We must look at any data with our own judgment and experience. I personally think Murata needs to revalidate their ESR data, or at least the design tool that generated the curves shown in Figure 4-9. 

It is common practice to analyze a structure using a member by member approach. The envisioned load path, established using engineering judgment and experience, forms the basis for determining the member by member analysis sequence. Tracking of the member dynamic reactions and loads throughout the structure is performed manually. This basic approach is similar to the practice used in conventional static analyses. The major difference is the consideration of inertia forces which may act in any direction. 

In less frequent situations a more comprehensive analysis approach is used to analyze the structure as a whole. For example, a finite element analysis of an entire building may be performed. Obviously, the load path need not be predetermined when such global analysis methods are used. However, the load path is influenced by the type and level of detail of the modeling so that engineering judgment and experience are also necessary to achieve a safe and economical design,... 

The team uses its judgment and experience to find credible causes. Structured brainstorming may employ tools such as what if and five whys. 

The group recognizes that a major practical problem is lack of information of biotransformation and relevant receptor or target site of many chemicals. In such cases, the chemicals should be classified using computer-based structure-toxicity relationships and expert judgment and experience. 

Finally, it must be stressed again that the selected weighting factors W (and thus the biologically weighted doses) are based on available radiobiological data and clinical observation, but they always imply clinical judgment and experience. 

Just as Boyle in his Sceptical Chymist offers no scheme of elements to replace the discredited Aristotelian and Paracelsan scheme, so also here he presents no definitions or criteria of acid and alkali as satisfactory to his judgment and experience. 

A minimum interval of three months between tests of each critical instrument loop is recommended in no case should the interval exceed 12 months. However, frequency of testing should be based on plant judgment and experience, as well as on Technology Center information. 

To perform an external or internal standard calibration procedure and to calculate sample results, the laboratory conducts a series of calculations. Although these calculations are computerized at a modern laboratory, professional judgment and experience of the analyst are critical in the selection of the appropriate calibration model and for correct programming of the data acquisition system that collects the data and performs the calculations. 

Many of these estimates depend on professional judgment and experience regarding the likelihood of exposures from soils in different kinds of sites. For further information on the evaluation process see ATSDR (1992), ... 

Just how far to carry on the comparison between the original and the match before making up a further trial is a question of judgment and experience. There is always the temptation to rush ahead, adding... 

The selection of the proper technique of sampling is one of judgment and experience the test of the selected technique lies in its reliability for estimating a given attribute for the universe under consideration. Thus, the attribute measured from the sample should approximate the... 

An experiment has been performed a variety of direct measurements have been made—weights, volumes, temperatures, measured electromotive forces, spectral absorbances, etc.—and uncertainties in all of them have been estimated, either from statistical data obtained by repeated measurements or from judgment and experience. From the values obtained by direct measurement and with the aid of a phenomenological theory, a final numerical result is calculated. Let the desired numerical result be designated by Fand the directly measured quantities be designated yy x,y, z,. The latter quantities are assumed to be mutually independent. Let their uncertainties, usually in the form of 95 percent confidence limits, be designated A(.t), A(>), A(. .The value of Fis determined by sub-... 

The confidence limits for the first three variables were estimated on the basis of judgment and experience. The last was determined from a statistical analysis of data from 10 individual measurements with Eqs. (8) and (29). From Eq. (51) we calculate... 

The snggested work/rest periods in these tables are not a guarantee of protection against heat illness and shonld not be used as a substitute for good judgment and experience... 

Interpretation is always required. In some simple systems, concepts of similitude place design on a sound theoretical basis. But in more complex situations, rigorous similitude may not be attainable. In these cases, it is often possible to model parts of a complex system and use model-dependent information in a design process that incorporates sound theoretical principles but often contains judgment and experience as well. The approach is illustrated by a discussion of the extrapolation of data from one biological system to another. 

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