Japanese consortium

The mean values of metal-free catalysts prepared by the Japanese consortium with and without Co- or Fe-containing precursors are reported in Fig. 10.15. 

Besides the work of Ozkan and Popov s groups and the work of the Japanese consortium, other authors also defended the same view as Wiesener that of a CNx catalytic site for ORR. Their results will now be summarized. It should be stressed that among these authors, some have made a particular effort to avoid any metal trace in the synthesis of their catalysts in order to determine the true ORR activity of the nitrogen-doped carbon materials. Their results will be presented first, followed by the results of authors using either Fe- or Co-containing molecules in the synthesis of their N-doped carbon catalysts. 

It is well known that this area of the world has large methanol feedstocks in the form of natural, associated, and refinery It is therefore not surprising that about 2 million ton new methanol production capacity came on-stream between 1983 and 1985 in the Persian Gulf and North Africa. There is very little current methanol demand in this part of the world, and most of the production is exported. At the present time, methanol production in the Middle East and Africa is dominated by Saudi Arabia and Libya. The plant in Libya started operations in 1978 and was expanded in early 1985. In early 1992, the Japanese consortium completed construction on a second plant at the Ar-Razi facility at A1 JubaiL In fact, there are some very preliminary plans to build a third methanol plant at Ar-Razi. In addition to the current methanol facilities in the Middle East, which includes the plant in Bahrain, we are aware of the following plans for other locations. 

Vertica.1 Axia.1 Deposition. The vertical axial deposition (VAD) process (18) was developed by a consortium of Japanese cable manufacturers and Nippon Telephone and Telegraph (NTT). This process also forms a cylindrical soot form. However, deposition is achieved end-on without use of a mandrel and subsequent formation of a central hole. Both the core and cladding are deposited simultaneously using more than one torch (Fig. 12). 

This system is provided to NTSC, as directed by the Beneficiary. It comprises a main server located in Almaty running the dedicated software, and distant PCs in Aktau. The internet connects the server to the distant partners which, besides Aktau, include KAEC, KATEP, the IAEA, the Consortium and other partners agreed by Kazakhstan, such as Russian institutes, ANL, Japanese companies. 

Terada K, Yada T, Kojima H, and 21 additional persons (2001) General characterization of Antarctic micrometeorites collected by the 39th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition Consortium studies JARE AMMs (II). Antarctic Meteorite Res 14 89-107, Tokyo, Japan Terada K, Monde T, Sano Y (2003) Ion microprobe U-Th-Pb dating of phosphates in martian meteorite ALH 84001. Meteorit Planet Sd 28(11) 1697-1703 Thiel E, Schmidt RA (1961) Spherules from the Antarctic ice cap. J Geophys Res 66 307-310 Thomas-Keprta KL, McKay DS, Wentworth SJ, Stevens TO, Taunton AE, Allen CC, Coleman A, Gibson EK Jr, Romanek... 

One recent example is notable for its iimovative application and has already been mentioned here. A new stack concept from the University of Applied Science in Offenburg (Germany), included a new catalyst from the Italian company ACTA and an AEM membrane from the Japanese membrane producer Tokuyama. This consortium developed an AEM-based ethanol-powered AFC and successfully inserted it into an electric vehicle. This stack was not able to work for an extended time because the system was built without an ethanol loop and without a KOH re-concentrator, but it is an impressive demonstration of AEM technology and the direct use of ethanol. DLR together with the University of Diisseldorf are working with laboratory-scale fuel cells to understand the ethanol oxidation mechanism in detail. 

PALAP. PALAP (Patterned Prepreg Layup Process) is a process that was developed by a consortium consisting of the Japanese firms Denso, Wako Corporation, Airex, Kyosha, Noda Screen, and O.K. Print. Originally, the process started with copper-clad laminates (CCL), but now utilizes thermoplastics like PEEK resins (polyether-ether ketone) or a new plastic called PAL-CLAD. M L-CLAD is characterized by the electrical properties and heat resistance of BIAC, a recyclable thermoplastic resin film produced by Japan Gore-Tex, Inc. 

A consortium of Japanese companies is developing HYCOL with financial support from the Japanese government. A moderate-sized (50 t/d) pilot plant is operating at Chiba, Japan. The Japanese plan to build a demonstration plant in the mid-1990s if the pilot plant succeeds. 

Development and qualification of internal control rod drive mechanisms (CRDMs) is required [II-5]. Significant progress has been achieved both within the consortium and outside (e.g. several Japanese organizations), and it is expected that this development will be completed in time for the first IRIS deployment. However, if this CRDM development is for some reason delayed, there is a fall back position, employing standard external CRDMs. 

International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) A consortium formed to provide an opportunity for tripartite harmonization initiatives to be developed with input from both regulatory and industry representatives. The ICH is sponsored by the European Commission, the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industry Associations, the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare, the Japanese Pharmaceutical Manufacture s Association, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufactures of America (PhRMA). The objective of the ICH is to harmonize the technical requirements for the registration of pharmaceutical products in the European Union, Japan, and the United States. 

Japan has had the most stable methanol market in the world, and there is one basic reason Practically all the major methanol marketers were previous producers who have shut down plants but retained market share through imports. These markets are ti tly controlled by only a handful of players, some of whom have an interest in the Japanese-Saudi Arabian consortium. The working relationship is one of mutual cooperation for the common good, an approach prevalent in the Far East but difficult or illegal to practice in other regions. However, competition for the Japanese market from outside sources has become quite strong recently and is expected to increase. 

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