Transient cerebral ischemia

Guadet, R.J. and Levine, L. (1979). Transient cerebral ischemia and brain prostaglandins. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 86, 893-901. 

Benveniste H, Drejer J, Schousboe A, Diemer NH. 1984. Elevation of the extracellular concentrations of glutamate and aspartate in rat hippocampus during transient cerebral ischemia monitored by intracerebral microdialysis. J Neurochem 43(5) 1369-1374. 

Ouyang, Y. B., Tan, Y., Comb, M., Liu, C. L., Martone, M. E., Siesjo, B. K., and Hu, B. R. (1999). Survival- and death-promoting events after transient cerebral ischemia Phosphorylation of Akt, release of cytochrome C and Activation of caspase-like proteases. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 19, 1126-1135. 

Especially in models of transient cerebral ischemia, apoptotic cell death has been observed after 3-7 days post insult in selected brain regions in which basal energy metabolism has been preserved (Chen et al. 1997 Du et al. 1996). In the meantime, molecular switches have been identified that gate different populations of neurons with regard to the type of cell death they eventually undergo (Nicotera 2003). However, there is little doubt that in animal stroke the vast majority of cells would die from necrosis or, alternatively, secondary energy failure even in the presence of a pro-apop-totic genetic balance. The concept of thresholds of cerebral blood flow (CBF) for various functions of brain parenchyma (see below) explains why the infarct core suffers from pan-necrosis whereas the peri-infarct border in which function is suppressed, but structure initially preserved (the so-called ischemic penumbra), may show apoptotic cell death or a combination of both. 

Vexler ZS, Roberts TP, Bollen AW et al (1997) Transient cerebral ischemia. Association of apoptosis induction with hypoperfusion. J Clin Invest 99 1453-1459 Walsh EG, Minematsu K, Leppo J, Moore SC (1994) Radioactive microsphere validation of a volume localized continu-... 

Kawahara H, Takeda Y, Tanaka A, Nagano O, Katayama H, Hirakawa M, Hiraki Y (2000) Does diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging enable detection of early ischemic change following transient cerebral ischemia J Neurol Sci 181 73-81... 

Maier C. M., Ahem K., Cheng M. L., Lee J. E., Yenari M. A., and Steinberg G. K. (1998) Optimal depth and duration of mild hypothermia in a focal model of transient cerebral ischemia effects on neurologic outcome, infarct size, apoptosis, and inflammation. Stroke 29, 2171-2180. 

Coimbra C. and Wieloch T. (1994) Moderate hypothermia mitigates neuronal damage in the rat brain when initiated several hours following transient cerebral ischemia. Acta Neuropathol. 87,325-331. 

Busto R., Globus M. Y., Neary J. T., and Ginsberg M. D. (1994) Regional alterations of protein kinase C activity following transient cerebral ischemia effects of intraischemic brain temperature modulation. J. Neurochem. 63, 1095-1103. 

Boris-Moller F., Kamme F., and Wieloch T. (1998) The effect of hypothermia on the expression of neurotrophin mRNA in the hippocampus following transient cerebral ischemia in the rat. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 63, 163-173. 

Liu X. H., Kato H., Nakata N., Kogure K., and Kato K. (1993) An immunohis-tochemical study of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase and manganese superoxide dismutase in rat hippocampus after transient cerebral ischemia. Brain Res. 625,... 

Series of patients with "transient cerebral ischemia" defined as "duration of attack less than an hour"... 

Jeans WD, Mackenzie S, Baird RN (1986). Angiography in transient cerebral ischemia using three views of the carotid bifurcation. British Journal of Radiology 59 135-142... 

There is some evidence, however, that the potential utility of a tHb as a hemodiluent and tissue-oxygenating solution may be dependent on the structure and properties of that tHb. For example, the results of a study of the effects of partial blood replacement with pyridoxa-lated Hb polyoxyethylene conjugate (PHP) solution (Ajinomoto) in a gerbil model of transient cerebral ischemia suggested that PHP solution holds less promise as a clinical treatment for this type of focal ischemia than does DCLHb.t ]... 

Transient cerebral ischemia, with aphasia and hemipar-esis in one patient and cerebellar dysfunction and loss of consciousness in another, has been observed with nifedipine (12). In addition, rapidly progressive hemiparesis, aphasia, and confusion, accompanied by a substantial fall in blood pressure, occurred in a patient whose hypertension (230/136 mmHg) was treated with sublingual nifedipine (13). Transient retinal ischemia, which may be recurrent, has also been attributed to nifedipine (14,15). Hypotension or cerebral steal are the likely mechanisms. 

Early increases in TNFa, IL-6, and IL-ip levels following transient cerebral ischemia suggest that regionally selective increases in cytokines may be involved in the pathophysiological changes in the hippocampus and striatum following transient cerebral ischemia. ... 

Saito K, Suyama K, Nishida K, et al. Early increases in TNF-a, IL-6 and IL-1 p levels following transient cerebral ischemia in gerbil brain. Neurosd Lett 1996 206 149-52. 

Saito K, Nowak TS Jr, Markey SP, Heyes MP (1993) Mechanism of delayed increases in kynurenine pathway metabolism in damaged brain regions following transient cerebral ischemia. J Neurochem 60 180-192... 

Beyond the initial damage to membranes, reaction of these radicals with double bonds of fatty acids in lipids produces peroxides that give rise to a,15-unsaturated aldehydes including malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) and acrolein. These aldehydes covalently bind to proteins through reaction with thiol groups and alter their function. We have previously shown that CAi hippocampal neurons were HNE positive by immunohistochemistry after transient cerebral ischemia (Adibhatla and Hatcher, 2006). Recently, elevated levels of an acrolein-protein conjugate were demonstrated in plasma of stroke patients (Adibhatla and Hatcher, 2007, and references cited therein). 

Cook PJ, Honeyboume D, Lip GY, Beevers DG, Wise R, Davies P Chlamydia pneumoniae antibody titers are significantly associated with acute stroke and transient cerebral ischemia the west birmingham stroke project. Stroke 1998 29 pp. 404-410. 

Paschen, W., Schmitt, J., and Uto, A., RNA editing of glntamate receptor snbnnits GluR2, GluR5, and GluR6 in transient cerebral ischemia in the rat J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metah, 16, 548, 1996. 

Cao G, Pei W, Lan J, Stetler RA, Luo Y, Nagayama T, Graham SH, Yin XM, Simon RP, Chen J (2001) Caspase-activated DNase/DNA fragmentation factor 40 mediates apoptotic DNA fragmentation in transient cerebral ischemia and in neuronal cultures. J Neurosci 21 4678-4690 Carlezon WA Jr., Duman RS, Nestler EJ (2005) The many faces of CREB. Trends Neurosci 28 436 45... 

Adibhatla RM, Hatcher JF (2003) Citicoline decreases phospholipase A2 stimulation and hydroxyl radical generation in transient cerebral ischemia. J Neurosd Res 73 308-315... 

Cao G, Clark RS, Pei W et al. Translocation of apoptosis-inducing fector in vulnerable neurons after transient cerebral ischemia and in neuronal cultures after oxygen-glucose deprivation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2003 23(10) 1137-50. 

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