Irritation instrumental

Minute Turbulence Continuous instrument Irritation (odor)... 

None of the foregoing methods will tell the frequency or duration of exposure of any receptor to irritant or odorous gases when each such exposure may exceed the irritation or odor response threshold for only minutes or seconds. The only way that such an exposure can be measured instrumentally is by an essentially continuous monitoring instrument, the record from which will yield not only this kind of information but also all the information required to assess hourly, daUy, monthly, and annual phenomena. Continuous monitoring techniques may be used at a particular location or involve remote sensing techniques. 

Apart from physical discomfort and irritation, poor lighting can induce errors in reading valve labels or instruments on the control panel. Direct or reflected glare can be another problem in many work situations. Having to avoid the glare may constitute another task the worker has to perform, which can divert him or her from the primary job responsibility. 

Less volatile, less pungent, less irritating. 2% solution is used to disinfect surgical instruments endoscopes. 

The TGA apparatus becomes very hot and caution should be exercised while using it. In order to safely handle volatile materials or polymer decomposition products which may be irritating and harmful, it is suggested that a gas bubbler be constructed to scrub the gaseous effluent from the instrument (Fig. 15.5). Care must be taken to prevent excessive gas pressure from building up if the system is being operated under vacuum or with gases, both inert and flammable. Consult the instrument operations manual for any special safety instructions. 

Expert clinical grading Dryness, seen as flaking Irritation, seen as erythema Instrumental surface measures Roughness Desquamation Indirect... 

Sharko, P. and Murahata, R., Arm wash with instrumental evaluation a sensitive technique for differentiating the irritation potential of personal washing products. J. Dermal. Clin. Eval. Soc. 2 19-27, 1991. 

Equipment used in medical practice for disease diagnosis, which come into contact with the body, must be sterilized. Nonsterilizations can cause transmission of infection from one person to other. Commonly, 2% glutaraldehyde solution is used. Instruments must be kept in the solution for at least 3 hours, but high-level disinfection is achieved in 20 to 30 minutes for most. Glutaraldehyde is an irritant and may cause sensitization. Alternatively, paracetic acid, chlorine dioxide, and superoxidized water are used for this purpose. 

Chlorhexidine occasionally causes skin sensitivity. Hemolysis has been reported following accidental intravenous administration.1123 It may damage safe tissues such as the eye. Chlorhexidine is an irritant and should not be used for sensitive tissues. Contact with the eyes should be avoided, as it will cause corneal damage. Syringes sterilized with chlorhexidine must be cleaned perfectly before using for other purposes. Aqueous solutions of chlorhexidine used for the storage of instruments should contain sodium nitrite (0.1%) to inhibit metal corrosion and should be required to be changed every week. 

Intranasal use, a common method of cocaine abuse, can damage the sinonasal tract, causing acute and chronic inflammation, necrosis, and osteocartilaginous erosion (SEDA-17, 36). These conditions occur secondary to the combined effects of direct trauma from instrumentation, vasoconstriction of small blood vessels with resultant ischemic necrosis, and chemical irritation from adulterants. Intranasal cocaine users can develop septal perforation, saddle-nose deformities, and sinonasal structural damage. 

Many varieties of red pepper, derived from plants of the genus Capsicum, are used in different cuisines around the world for their sensory properties of oral chemical "heat", volatile flavor and color. Determination of the degree of heat in a pepper sample has been a difficult problem for both sensory and instrumental analysts of flavor. Furthermore, the literature concerning the sensory physiology and perceptual responses of the "common chemical sense" (as defined later) has lagged behind other areas of study of the chemical senses. The purpose of this paper will be to review recent developments in two areas, the development of a standard method for sensory analysis of ground red pepper heat and the psychophysical characterization of observers responses to oral chemical Irritation induced by spice-derived compounds. 

Several distinct clinical signs herald conjunctival inflammation. However, the actual presentation depends on the nature of the causative agent, the time course, and any preexisting disease. Conjimctival tissue may be exposed to antigens, pathogens, toxins, or irritants through airborne transmission direct contact (hand to eye, person to person, or from contaminated instruments or surfeces) and inadvertent sexual transmission. 

Near-infrared surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy Some of the major irritants in Raman measurements are sample fluorescence and photochemistry. However, with the help of Fourier transform (FT) Raman instruments, near-infrared (near-IR) Raman spectroscopy has become an excellent technique for eliminating sample fluorescence and photochemistry in Raman measurements. As demonstrated recently, the range of near-IR Raman techniques can be extended to include near-IR SERS. Near-IR SERS reduces the magnitude of the fluorescence problem because near-IR excitation eliminates most sources of luminescence. Potential applications of near-IR SERS are in environmental monitoring and ultrasensitive detection of highly luminescent molecules [11]. 

In photochemical smog episodes, secondary air pollutants such as ozone, nitrogen dioxide, aldehydes, and peroxyacetyl nitrate are formed as a result of the chemical interaction of the primary air pollutants, principally nitric oxide and hydrocarbon vapors, with sunlight and air (Fig. 2.6) [49]. This interpretation of the processes involved has been verified by smog chamber experiments (Fig. 2.7), and has since been confirmed by field measurements as the sensitivity of ambient air instrumentation has improved [50, 51]. In photochemical smog episodes, it is the secondary pollutants that cause severe eye irritation and upper respiratory effects felt by people and at the same time causes serious damage to plants. 

The Ocular Irritection assay has been used for over 20 years to assess the ocular irritancy of industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, textile, petrochemicals, surfactants and cosmetic products. It represents a refinement of the former Eytex method that takes into account the recommendations made during earlier multilaboratory trials [1], The system underwent substantial revisions including the development of a single protocol, clear procedures for surfactants testing, and a well-defined applicability domain. It is presented as a kit comprising instrumentation and computer software that have been integrated to provide an automated in vitro test. Furthermore, because of its biochemical nature, Ocular Irritection has a long shelf-life (years) and can be readily available across the world. 

Thepatient s perception of the severity of BPH symptoms guides development of a therapeutic plan. To evaluate perceptions objectively, validated instruments, such as the American Urological Association (AUA) Symptom Index, are commonly used. Using the AUA index, the patient rates the bothersomeness of seven obstructive and irritative voiding symptoms. Each item is rated for severity on a scale of 1 to 5 such that 35 is the maximum score and is consistent with the most severe symptoms. 

The traditional way of evaluating skin irritation is through visual examination based on four indices dryness (chafing), redness (erythema), swelling (edema), and rash, each at four severity levels. Often, however, only the first two indices—dryness and redness—are employed. Visual examination is very telling of skin irritation, but it does not evaluate the actual ability of the skin to hold moisture in, nor measure the actual moisture level of the skin. Two other methods, both instrumentational, are better for assessing these parameters by measuring actual skin moisture content and rate of transepidermal water loss [3]. 

A depth-selective skin electrical impedance spectrometer (formerly called SCIM) developed by S. Ollmar at the Karoiinska Institute is an example of a commercial instrument intended for quantification and classification of skin irritation. It measures impedance at 31 logarithmically distributed frequencies from 1 kHz to 1 MHz, and the measurement depth can to some extent be controlled by electronically changing the virtual separation between two concentric surface electrodes (Ollmar, 1998). 

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