Irritation factors causing

Once the specific causes of the disease are identified, the most important aspect of treatment of occupational skin disease is to avoid contact. Dermatological treatment of acute disease is very similar to that of disease of non-occupational background. Skin protection (gloves, barrier cream, emollients and avoidance of irritative factors) is as important as allergen avoidance. Due to the legal implications of occupational skin disease, a thorough and detailed documentation of all medical investigations is important [30-36]. 

The increased risk of hand eczema seems to depend on multiple factors. Exposure to common irritating factors, wet work, detergents, chemicals, dirt and mechanical friction are the most common causes for the development of hand eczema at work. Exposure to airborne allergens or irritants can also lead to dermatitis. In addition, working at jobs in which there are changes in temperature and humidity or working in ways that lead to extensive sweating increase risk of dermatitis. 

In a German study, 24% of the dental technicians with suspected occupational skin disease who were investigated were found to suffer from ICD (Rustemeyer and Frosch 1996). Major factors contributing to the development of ICD were found to be wet work with plaster, grinding and physical irritation, as caused by polishing of metal and plastic materials (Estlander et al. 1984 Rustemeyer and Frosch 1996). 

The preservative agent sodium metabisulfite is mainly used in bakeries as an antioxidant and can cause contact dermatitis. It can be used as a reducing agent in photography and caused dermatitis in a photographic technician, probably by acting as an aggravating irritative factor. Sodium metabisulfite also contains a certain amount of sodium sulfite and sodium sulfate. 

Health and Safety Factors. Unlike fluoroacetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid presents no unusual toxicity problems. However, owing to its strong acidity, its vapors can be irritating to tissue, and the Hquid acid can cause deep bums if allowed to contact the skin. The acid can be safely stored in containers made of glass or common corrosion-resistant alloys and metals such as stainless steel or alurninum. 

Diarrhea is a common problem that is usually self-limiting and of short duration. Increased accumulations of small intestinal and colonic contents are known to be responsible for producing diarrhea. The former may be caused by increased intestinal secretion which may be enterotoxin-induced, eg, cholera and E. col] or hormone and dmg-induced, eg, caffeine, prostaglandins, and laxatives decreased intestinal absorption because of decreased mucosal surface area, mucosal disease, eg, tropical spme, or osmotic deficiency, eg, disaccharidase or lactase deficiency and rapid transit of contents. An increased accumulation of colonic content may be linked to increased colonic secretion owing to hydroxy fatty acid or bile acids, and exudation, eg, inflammatory bowel disease or amebiasis decreased colonic absorption caused by decreased surface area, mucosal disease, and osmotic factors and rapid transit, eg, irritable bowel syndrome. 

Health and Safety Factors, Toxicology. Phosphoms oxychloride volatilises readily its vapors are extremely irritating to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes (49). Direct contact with the Hquid can produce severe bums. Contaminated clothing must be removed immediately. Inhalation of POCl vapors can cause pulmonary edema and temporary eyesight problems. 

Health and Safety Factors. Both pyromellitic acid and its dianhydride irritate skin, eyes, and mucous membranes, and they cause skin sensitization (156). When it comes in contact with moist tissue the dianhydride converts to the acid. Direct contact with should be avoided and protective clothing should be worn in areas where it is used. The LD q for intergastric administration in rats is 2.2—2.6 g/kg (157). In 6-mo experiments, the maximum nontoxic dose was 0.07 mg/kg/d, and it affected the fiver, kidney, and reproductive tract. Precautions against fire and dust explosions as explained in the terephthafic acid section should be foUowed. 

Health and Safety Factors. Phloroglucinol has low toxicity by ingestion. Prolonged severe overexposure may dismpt the thyroid function. High dust concentration may cause respiratory irritation the product is irritating to eyes and skin. Toxicity data include LD q oral (rat) = 5800 mg/kg ... 

Health nd Safety Factors. Thionyl chloride is a reactive acid chloride which can cause severe bums to the skin and eyes and acute respiratory tract injury upon vapor inhalation. The hydrolysis products, ie, hydrogen chloride and sulfur dioxide, are beheved to be the primary irritants. Depending on the extent of inhalation exposure, symptoms can range from coughing to pulmonary edema (182). The LC q (rat, inhalation) is 500 ppm (1 h), the DOT label is Corrosive, Poison, and the OSHA PEL is 1 ppm (183). The safety aspects of lithium batteries (qv) containing thionyl chloride have been reviewed (184,185). 

Health and Safety Factors. Sulfuryl chloride is both corrosive to the skin and toxic upon inhalation. The TLV suggested by the manufacturer is 1 ppm. The vapors irritate the eyes and upper respiratory tract, causing prompt symptoms ranging from coughing to extreme bronchial irritation and pulmonary edema. The DOT label is Corrosive, Poison. 

Swallowing. If it is sufficiently irritant or caustic, a swallowed material may cause local effects on the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach. Additionally, carcinogenic materials may induce tumor formation in the alimentary tract. Also, the gastrointestinal tract is an important route by which toxic materials are absorbed. The sites of absorption and factors regulating absorption have been reviewed (42,43). 

TSPP is slightly alkaline and has a bitter taste, requiring additional flavorings to mask it. Also, additional detergents must be added to keep it in solution. All of these factors can irritate oral membranes and cause sensitivity. 

O The lower urinary tract symptoms and signs of benign prostatic hyperplasia are due to static, dynamic, or detrusor factors. The static factor refers to anatomic obstruction of the bladder neck caused by an enlarged prostate gland. The dynamic factor refers to excessive stimulation of a-adrenergic receptors in the smooth muscle of the prostate, urethra, and bladder neck. The detrusor factor refers to irritability of hypertrophied detrusor muscle as a result of long-standing bladder outlet obstruction. 

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