Oral irritation

An alternative to the oral route is the buccal mucoadhesive system. The Striant buccal system adheres to the inside of the mouth and the testosterone is absorbed through the oral mucosa and delivered to the systemic circulation. There is no first-pass effect, as the liver is bypassed by this route of administration. Patients apply a 30-mg tablet to the upper gum twice daily. The cost is similar to that of the patch or gel. Side effects unique to this dosage form include oral irritation, bitter taste, and gum edema. 

Figure 1. Structures of flavor compounds Inducing oral irritation or "heat .

Figure 2. Median perceived oral irritation from four concentrations of vanillyl nonamide, piperine and capsicum oleoresin over time. Reproduced with permission from Ref. 5, copyright 1984, IRL Press Limited.

Caution Inhalation of vapor has been fata]. May cause nausea, vomiting, pains in head and chest, stupefaction. More toxic by skin contact than orally. Irritates mucous membranes and causes kidney and liver degeneration, cf Patty s Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology vol. 2C, G. D. Clayton, F. E. Clayton, Eds. (Wiley-interscience, New York, 4th ed., 1982) pp 4675-4684. 

Euphorbiaceae Oral irritation, gastroenteritis. Erythema, edema, followed by vesicle and blister fomation. Eye exposure may result In corneal ulceration, iritis, conjunctivitis, and temporary blindness. Systemic symptoms seizures, coma, and death. 

Minor oral irritation from the mouthpieces of snorkels and scuba regulators is common. More severe... 

Horsfield P, Logan FA, Newey JA. Oral irritation with gentian violet. Br Med J 1976 2(6034) 529. 

Clinical signs. Contact results in pain, salivation, vomiting, nasal and oral irritation, weakness, and, occasionally, death. 

All of the foUcwing are associated with oral irritation, cht>king, salivation, and edema of the pharynx and glottis except ... 

Even if appropriate tissue irritation is being performed, such as ocular irritation in the instance of the contact lens, consideration should be given toperforming an IC test as well. On a topical dermal study, the test article is in contact with the epidermis. The epidermis is the first line of defense to protect the human body from the environment, and it has evolved to be fairly effective for that purpose. Therefore, some materials may not be detected as irritants by a topical dermal exposure, even if that is the most likely route of human exposure. Oral, rectal, vaginal, penile, bladder, and ocular tissues all have the ability to expel the test article or extract The oral irritation study can utilize hamsters fitted with retaining collars to prevent a solid test article from being expelled. 

Oxalic Acid 3/1/0 Oral irritant (poisonous if swallowed) C2O4H2 + I/2O2 2CO2 + H2O N/A... 

---