Irritants ocular

ICCVAM has evaluated alternative test methods for acute oral toxicity, genetic toxicity, biologies, immunotoxicity, dermal corrosion and irritation, ocular toxicity, developmental toxicity, pyrogeni-city, and endocrine disrupter effects (ICCVAM 2007). As examples, alternative test systems for dermal corrosion and irritation are described in the following text. 

Dermal/Ocular Effects. 2-Hexanone applied to the skin of rabbits was minimally irritating ocular instillation resulted in moderate corneal necrosis (Smyth et al. 1954). Human ocular contact with this chemical would, therefore, be of concern. 

Irritancy Ocular Irritancy Irritancy Index Result Class... 

No human toxicity data are available for azamethiphos. For experimental animals, toxicity is low for a single oral dose. Prolonged skin exposure may cause skin irritation. Ocular contact may cause eye irritation and pain. 

Trifluralin is classified as a Toxicity Category IV (practically nontoxic) agent for acute oral toxicity and dermal irritation and Toxicity Category III (slightly toxic) for acute dermal toxicity, acute inhalation toxicity, and eye irritation. Ocular irritation is characterized by increased lacrimation, photophobia, and redness. Conjunctivitis can continue for 5-7 days. 

Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) 540 mg/kg moderately irritating ocularly nonirritating dermally... 

The toxicity of a few boric acid esters has been summarized (30). In general the toxicities are directiy related to the toxicity of the alcohol or phenol produced on hydrolysis. Methyl borate has an oral rat LD q of 6.14 mL/kg in a range finding test (31) and the percutaneous LD q for the rabbit of 1.98 mL/kg. In eadier work (32), the oral LD q for the rat was 2.82 mL/kg the intraperitoneal LD q was 3.2 mL/kg. It has been shown that the mouse is more susceptible to these compounds than the rat. Methyl borate was found to be moderately irritating in an ocular toxicity test using rabbits (31,32) but only mildly irritating to skin (31). 

Tests have shown that citric acid is not corrosive to skin but is a skin and ocular irritant (50). Eor these reasons it is recommended that individuals use appropriate personal protection to cover the hands, skin, eyes, nose, and mouth when in direct contact with citric acid solutions or powders. 

Internal Reports Skin Corrosion Potential ofEiquid Citric Acid S0%,Jan. 19, 1979, Dermal Irritation of Citric Acid in the Rabbit, Dec. 20, 1990, Ocular Irritation of Citric Acid in the Rabbit, May 14, 1991, Miles Inc., Elkhart, Ind. 

Methods of testing for eye and skin irritation potential have been reviewed (137). The official FHSA procedure for evaluating ocular irritation potential of detergent products is a modified Drai2e rabbit eye test (138). Some controversy surrounds this method at present, and a search for a procedure less injurious to test animals is in progress. In general, the order of irritation is cationic > anionic > nonionic (139). 

The water solubiUty of glutaric acid fosters its toxicity. Glutaric acid is a known nephrotoxin. Renal failure has been documented ia rabbits adruinistered sodium glutarate subcutaneously (124). Dibasic ester (Du Pont), which contains primarily dimethyl glutarate, has low acute toxicity by inhalation and by ingestion, and is moderately toxic via dermal absorption. The acid is both a dermal and ocular irritant of humans. The ester is a severe skin irritant and may cause a rash ia humans (120). 

Of the higher diacids, the ahcycHc, unsaturated Diacid 1550 (the Westvaco C-21 diacid) is significantly water soluble and is moderately irritating both dermaHy and ocularly. The corresponding dipotassium salt. Diacid H-240, is substantially mote irritating (127). 

Ribavirin is given by inhalation and can cause worsening of respiratory status, hypotension, and ocular irritation, including erythema (redness of skin), conjunctivitis, and blurred vision. 

If patients have a problem retaining die system, placing die system in die upper conjunctival cul-de-sac is preferable The nurse can manipulate die system from die lower to die upper conjunctival cul-de-sac using gentie massage through die eyelid. The nurse contacts die primary healdi care provider if die symptoms of glaucoma increase, if die patient is unable to retain the ocular system, or if redness, eye irritation, or excessive secretions are noted. 

Although mild, the adverse reactions associated with the mast cell inhibitors include headache, rhinitis, unpleasant taste, asthma, and cold/flu symptoms. These drug may also cause ocular burning or irritation, dry eye, eye redness, foreign body sensation, and ocular discomfort. 

The most common adverse reactions associated with the NSAIDs include transient burning and stinging upon instillation and other minor ocular irritation. 

These drug are contraindicated in individuals with known hypersensitivity to an individual drug or any components of the drug. The NSA.ID flurbiprofen is contraindicated in patients with herpes simplex keratitis. Diclofenac and ketorolac are contraindicated in patients who wear soft contact lenses (may cause ocular irritation). 

The ocular irritation caused by cosmetic ingredients has been evaluated by the determination of the amount of histamine contained in tears. Contact of surfactants and the eye tissue cause an immediate dose-dependent release of histamine through direct cytotoxic damage of cell membranes. This method has been tested with sodium lauryl sulfate with volunteers [187]. 

Limited information was available regarding ocular irritation by endosulfan. An unspecified amount of a 20% aqueous suspension of endosulfan instilled in the eyes of rabbits did not produce any ocular irritation or congestion (Gupta and Chandra 1975). 

Ocular Effects. Humans that were experimentally exposed to 200 ppm of trichloroethylene vapor for 7 hours experienced mild eye irritation (20% of the subjects), beginning after 30 minutes (Stewart et al. 1970). The subjects experiencing these symptoms did not again experience them when exposed in the same manner on 5 other consecutive days. Itchy watery eyes (Bauer and Rabens 1974 El Ghawabi et al. 1973) and inflamed eyes (Schattner and Malnick 1990) have also been reported following contact with the vapor. 

AR is the most common atopic disease in the United States. It affects between 9% and 24% of adults and up to 42% of children.2,3 More than 80 million Americans experience 7 or more days of nasal-ocular symptoms annually as a result of AR.3 Additionally, AR is responsible for 3.5 million lost work days and 2 million missed school days annually in the United States.4 In addition to decreased quality of life from AR symptoms, patients also suffer from disrupted sleep, resulting in fatigue, irritability, memory deficits, excessive daytime somnolence, and depression that further reduce quality of life.5... 

Hj antihistamines are the most commonly prescribed medications for AR. Hj antihistamines bind to and stabilize the Hj histamine receptor, thereby inhibiting mast cell and basophil mediator release and resulting in reduction of sneezing, itching, rhinorrhea, and ocular irritation. Antihistamines do not prevent histamine release, nor do they bind to already-released histamine. For this reason, maintenance therapy is considered optimal. However, antihistamines are also effective when taken on an as-needed basis.4,11,12 Antihistamines only minimally... 

Ketorolac 1 drop four times a day Ocular stinging, irritation... 

Ocular irritation or soreness Blurry vision Contact lens intolerance Diurnal fluctuation Symptoms that worsen later in the day... 

Anti-inflammatory agents may be used in conjunction with artificial tears. The only approved agent is cyclosporine emulsion. Administered topically, it is thought to act as a partial immuno-modulator suppressing ocular inflammation, but the exact mechanism is unknown. Cyclosporine emulsion increases tear production in some patients. Fifteen minutes should elapse after instillation of cyclosporine before artificial tears are instilled.31 Use of topical corticosteroids for short periods (e.g., 2 weeks) may suppress inflammation and ocular irritation symptoms. No topical corticosteroid is approved for this indication, however.30... 

L-l is a vesicant (blister agent) also, it acts as a systemic poison, causing pulmonary edema, diarrhea, restlessness, weakness, subnormal temperature, and low blood pressure. In order of severity and appearance of symptoms, it is a blister agent, a toxic lung irritant, absorbed in tissues, and a systemic poison. When inhaled in high concentrations, it may be fatal in as short a time as 10 min. L-1 is not detoxified by the body. Common routes of entry into the body include ocular, percutaneous, and inhalation. 

Rabbit (New Zealand) once Ocular 0.1 mL (mild eye irritation) Kinkead et al. 1987a Kinkead et al. 1988 Houghto-Safe 5047F... 

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