Immuno-modulators

Anti-inflammatory agents may be used in conjunction with artificial tears. The only approved agent is cyclosporine emulsion. Administered topically, it is thought to act as a partial immuno-modulator suppressing ocular inflammation, but the exact mechanism is unknown. Cyclosporine emulsion increases tear production in some patients. Fifteen minutes should elapse after instillation of cyclosporine before artificial tears are instilled.31 Use of topical corticosteroids for short periods (e.g., 2 weeks) may suppress inflammation and ocular irritation symptoms. No topical corticosteroid is approved for this indication, however.30... 

House, R.V., An overview of in vitro I ex vivo assays for preclinical evaluation of immuno-modulation, Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 19, 246, 2001. 

The results of the chronic administration study indicate that LC-AmB does not induce any new toxicity and that its side effects are the same as those produced by the conventional formulation (Fungizone) and a commercial lipid formulation (Abelcet) but that they appear at higher doses. This difference is probably due to both the stability of the formulation, preventing rapid release of AmB as aggregates or transfer to lipoproteins, and its size difference with Abelcet, which could lead to less rapid uptake by phagocytic cells. These encouraging results with respect to toxicity prompted us to test the efficacy of the formulation. For this, we chose to look at in vitro and in vivo models of Leishmaniasis, as well as the immuno-modulating properties of AmB. 

The introduction of retro-, retro-inverso-, and PMRI-peptides with free and blocked C-and N-termini has been successful in numerous biological systems such as neurotransmitters, inhibitors of proteases and protein kinases, sweeteners, antimicrobial peptides, hormones, adhesion molecules, antigenic epitopes, immuno-modulators, and immunological probes. Table 1 provides an exhaustive list of retro-, retro-inverso-, PMRI-, and end-group-modified re/ro-mvmo-pseudopeptides derived from bioactive peptides. 

Peptides that present allergen-specific T-cell epitopes retain the ability to immuno-modulate T-cells, but less an ability to cross-link IgE and activate effectors cells. For example, synthetic peptides-based vaccine derived from major peanut allergen, Ara h 2 composed of thirty 20-mers that overlapped by 15 amino acids (Sicherer and Sampson 2007). Subcutaneous or intranasal administration of the vaccine reduced Ara h 2-specific IgE and plasma histamine release levels as well as anaphylactic symptoms scores in a murine model of peanut anaphylaxis. 

Meyer-Pittroff, R., Behrendt, H., Ring, J. 2007. Specific immuno-modulation and therapy by means of high pressure treated allergens. High Pressure Research 27(l) 63-67. 

Harvey BH, Meyer CL, Gallicchio VS. The hemopoietic and immuno-modulating action of lithium salts an investigation into the chemotherapy of HTV infection in South Africa. In Lucas KC, Becker RW, Gallicchio VS, editors. Lithium-50 Years Recent Advances in Biology and Medicine. Cheshire, Connecticut Weidner Publishing, 1999 137-52. 

BUPROPION 1. ANTIBIOTICS - fluoroquinolones 2. ANTICANCER AND IMMUNO-MODULATING DRUGS-corticosteroids, interferons 3. ANTIDEPRESSANTS-TCAs 4. ANTIMALARIALS - chloroquine, mefloquine 5. ANTIPSYCHOTICS 6. BRONCHODILATORS -theophylline 7. CNS STIMULANTS 8. PARASYMPATHOMIMETICS T risk of seizures. This risk is marked in elderly people, in patients with a history of seizures, with addiction to opiates/cocaine/ stimulants, and in diabetics treated with oral hypoglycaemics or insulin Bupropion is associated with a dose-related risk of seizures. These drugs, which lower seizure threshold, are individually epileptogenic. Additive effects occur when combined Extreme caution. The dose of bupropion should not exceed 4S0 mg/day (or 150 mg/day in patients with severe hepatic cirrhosis)... 

Fig. 4. Comparison of immuno-modulative effects of single saccharides, EA aglycones, and their glycosylated derivatives on human NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity towards MOLT4 target cells. All compounds were used at a concentration of 10 M. Average values from six experiments are shown. Values are presented as % of control [7,16]...

IGIV is used either for antibody replacement or immuno-modulation. Some of the indications as replacement therapy include general or specific immunodeficiency states e.g., hepatitis A prophylaxis, chronic lymphocytic leukemia with hypogammaglobulinemia, multiple myeloma with specific antibody deficiency, low birth weight babies at risk for infection and infants/children with HIV. It is also used as an immune modulator in conditions such as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and acquired hemophilia (Krensky et al., 2005 Shah, 2005). 

Bryostatin 1 binds to the regulatory domain of protein kinase C short-term exposure promotes activation of protein kinase C, whereas prolonged exposure promotes significant down-regulation (4). In preclinical and phase I clinical studies it had promising antitumor and immuno-modulating effects. It amplifies expansion of myeloid and erythroid progenitor cells stimulated by the cytokines GM-CSF, M-CSF, and IL-3. Similarly, it induces the production of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with enhanced lymphokine-activated killer cell activity and proliferation in the presence of IL-2 (5). 

Ville, P., Roch, P., Cooper, E.L. and Narbonne, J.F. (1997) Immuno-modulator effects of carbaryl and 2,4-D in the earthworm Eisenia fetida andrei. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 32, 291-297. 

Calemine JB, Gogal RM Jr, Lengi A, Sponenberg P, Ahmed SA (2002) Immuno-modulation by diethylstilbestrol is dose and gender related effects on thymocyte apoptosis and mitogen-induced proliferation. Toxicology, 178 101-118. 

Gutting BW, Schomaker SJ, Kaplan AH, Amacher DE (1999) A comparison of the direct and reporter antigen popliteal lymph node assay for the detection of immuno-modulation by low molecular weight compounds. Toxicol Sci, 51(1) 71-79. 

For both cell-based and DNA-based strategies of tumor therapy, dSLIM immuno-modulators are added in order to further increase the immune response by CTL. The combination of the effects of dSLIM and MIDGE-encoded molecules might be a successful approach for the treatment of tumors. In addition, the use of dSLIM im-munomodulators in combination with a peptide-derived vaccine represents a promising option for the treatment of metastatic cancer. 

France RU-41740 protein Biostim Glycoprotein extracted from Klebsiella pneumonia 01K2 serotype Immuno- modulator... 

Kapp, A., and Zeck Kapp, G. Activation of the oxidative metabolism in human polymorphonuclear neutrophilic granulocytes The role of immuno-modulating cytokines. J. Invest. Dermatol. 95, 94S-99S (1990). 

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