Iron- and Steelmaking

The lining in the bosh and hearth, where the highest temperatures occur, is usually made of carbon bricks, which are manufactured by pressing and baking a mixture of coke, anthracite, and pitch. Actually, carbon exhibits excellent corrosion resistance to molten iron and slag in comparison with the aluminosilicate firebricks used for the remainder of the lining. 

Source Steffen, R. LUngen, H.-B. State of the art technology of direct and smelting reduction of iron ores. La Revue de MMlurgie, No.3, March 2004, pp. 171-182 

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The United States consumption of manganese is distributed between three industries iron and steelmaking, where 88% of the Mn is consumed the manufacture of batteries, where 7% is used and chemical usage, which accounts for the remaining 5%. United States manganese demand is shown in Figure 12. 

Handbook of Iron and Steelmaking United States Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa., 1985, pp. 404—405. 

Dressel, W. M., Barnard, P.G., and Fine, M.M. "Removal of Lead and Zinc and the Production of Pre-Reduced Pellets from Iron and Steelmaking Wastes." Bureau of Mines RI 7927. 

Iron and steelmaking Steel slag (general) blast furnace slag steel converter slag AOD process slag electric arc furnace slag... 

One final detail to be noted is that magnesium silicate minerals, such as olivine and serpentine, typically contain significant amounts (in the order of 5-20 wt%) of iron oxides that can turn out to be valuable byproducts when produced in amounts too large to be overlooked by the iron- and steelmaking industries. 

Dmevich, F.R., et. al., Production and Use of Industrial Gases for Iron and Steelmaking, Chapter 5, www.aise.org/newpubs/ironchap%205.pdf. The AISE Steel Foundation, Pittsburgh,... 

The history of iron and steelmaking has been substantially influenced by the availability of oxidants for the various metallurgical processes. Iron making in North America dates back to the 1600s. The process utilized charcoal and local iron ores in a blast furnace that looked more like a modem cupola into which cold air was blown, powered by a bellows. The primary product was cast iron (containing 2 to 4% carbon). Steel (0.1 to 0.8% carbon) could only be made by a very low quality, labor-intensive process known as puddling. 

McLean. A. (1990) Sensor aided process control in iron and steelmaking. Solid State Ionics. 40/41, 737 2. 

Iron and steelmaking. As mentioned above, in many industrialised countries, the major use of quicklime, including calcined dolomite, is in steelmaking. While most of the lime is in granular form, modern developments require ground quicklime. Calcined dolomite is also used for the refractory linings of the vessels. 

Construction and building are treated as one industry in this chapter, to avoid the confusion that frequently arises when attempting to differentiate between them. The industry is a major user of lime products in 1994, for example, it used 36 % of the 19 million tonnes of lime sold in the European Union, compared with 38 % used in iron and steelmaking. 

The BOS process replaced the Bessemer and open hearth steelmaking processes during the 1960 s and caused some major changes in both the steel and lime industries [27.1, 27.2]. The process is currently used for 70% of the world s steel production, with most of the remainder being in electric arc furnaces (EAF). The main processes in iron and steelmaking are illustrated in Fig. 27.1. 

Because carbon is a ubiquitous element in both iron- and steelmaking processes due to its essential use as a reductant during the extractive process of iron from its ores, carbon has a predominant role in siderurgy (i.e., the metallurgy of iron and its alloys). Although other... 

A, The first critical point occurs at 210°C, the temperature at which cementite loses its ferromagnetism (Curie point). This arrest point exhibits the same temperature either on heating or on cooling, and it has little importance in both iron- and steelmaking. 

Chesters, J.H. (1974) Refractories for Iron and Steelmaking. Metals Society, London. 

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