Smelting reduction

Many nonferrous metals can be extracted by reduction smelting, eg, copper, tin, nickel, cobalt, silver, antimony, and bismuth. Blast furnaces are sometimes used for the smelting of copper or tin, but flash and reverberatory furnaces are more common for metals other than lead. 

The reduction smelting process involves the reduction of oxidic sources of metals with carbon in the presence of a flux. The process can generally be represented as ... 

The blast furnace is the most popular of the furnaces used for carrying out reduction smelting operations. An illustrious example of a blast furnace smelting product is iron. 

The technology for the production of titania slag by direct reduction smelting in electric arc furnaces (particularly for smelting of iron titanates and ilmenites having lower amounts of titania) is very old and the process has been in vogue in Canada, Norway, South Africa,... 

Reduction smelting, of nonferrous metals, 16 143-144 Reductive alkylation... 

Key words Sea nodules, reduction smelting, pilot scale smelting, cobalt, nickel, copper. 

As an alternate process on direct reduction smelting of sea nodules is developed at CSIR-NML to recover Cu, Ni and Co in the form of alloy with about 90% recovery, achieve good result. Using 8 % coke 4 % quartz, 90.4% Cu, 91.7% Ni, 87.8% Co reeoveries were achieved on pilot scale. As a part of iron was recovered in the alloy, the process generate a slag rich in manganese with Mn/Te ratio of about 10, from whieh standard grade Fe-Si-Mn was produced. The metal rieh alloy was further processed to recover Cu, Co and Ni in pure form. 

Mathematical modeling of the roasting reduction-smelting reduction process using comprehensive sets of such raw data should be the goal for optimization of the metallurgical method. 

Vanyukov process has been used for decades, and OSBS process has also been applied for above ten years. Lots of experience on industrial production has accumulated on oxidative smelting, reductive smelting, consecutive operation and periodical operation. The furnace itself and its auxiliary equipments, including waste heat boiler, oxygen production, water recycle system, auto control system, have normative design, produetion and installation procedures. 

The currently extraction processes of bismuth in China are mainly pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy and both combination. The conventional pyrometallurgy processes are classified as reduction smelting, precipitation smelting and combination smelting[9,10,ll]. There are many methods on the hydrometallurgy processes, such as... 

The traditional pyrometallurgy smelting process are producing in the blast furnace, reverberatory furnace and converter, and mainly contains the reduction smelting, precipitation smelting, and combination smelting. 

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