Globus pallidus

Basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei which are essential for the coordination of movements (so-called extrapyramidal system). They include the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, and lenti-form nucleus. Damage of the basal ganglia results in involuntary movements, as are observed in Parkinson s disease and Huntington s chorea. 

Localization CNS Hippocampus (CA1, CA3, DG), septum, amygdala, raphe nuclei CNS Striatum, hippocampus (CA1), substantia nigra, globus pallidus, superior colliculi, spinal cord, raphe nuclei CNS like 5-HT1B but at lower densities. CNS Caudate putamen, parietal cortex, fronto-parietal motor cortex, olfactory tubercle, amygdala CNS Cortex, Thalamus, olfactory bulb (rat), claustrum (g-pig), hippocampus (CA3), spinal cord. 

Fig. 8.1 Rostrocaudal neuroanatomical distribution of CCR5-immunoreactivity in the telencephalon, diencephalon and mesencephalon using a CCR5 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Regions corresponding to pictures are depicted in coronal diagrams taken from the Paxinos and Watson (1998). (a, b) M Motor cortex, (c, d) CPu caudate putamen (striatum), (e,t)SID substantia innominata dorsal part, (g, h) GP globus pallidus, (i, j)Me medial amygdaloid...

Figure 15.2(a) A schematic presentation of possible normal basal ganglia circuitry. Activity in the cortico-thalamic pathway is modulated by striatal control of the globus pallidus (pallidum) through two pathways, the indirect pathway (Ind Path) to the external pallidum/globus pallidus (GPext) and the subthalamic nucleus (SThN) and the direct pathway (Dir Path) to GPint. Scheme... 

There are two main output pathways from the striatum to the globus pallidus. 

The direct pathway (Dir Path) which makes monosynaptic contact with the internal (medial) globus pallidus (GPint) and to a lesser extent the substantia nigra reticulata (SNr). 

Figure 15.9 Peptide modulation of striatal input to the globus pollidus. Enkephalin released from axon terminals of neurons of the indirect pathway (see Fig. 15.2 for details) is thought to inhibit GABA release from the same terminals so that feedback (auto) inhibition is reduced. This will free the neurons to inhibit the subthalamic nucleus (SThN) and its drive to GPint and SNr which in turn will have less inhibitory effect on cortico-thalamic traffic and possibly reduce akinesia. Dynorphin released from terminals of neurons of the direct pathway may also reduce glutamate release and excitation in the internal globus pallidus and further depress its inhibition of the cortico-thalamic pathway. High concentrations of these peptides may, however, result in dyskinesias. (See Henry and Brotchie 1996 and Maneuf et al. 1995)...

HTid receptor binding Post-mortem brain T Globus pallidus... 

ANSWER We have looked at the globus pallidus in anesthetized animals, which appears to be uniformly increased by amphetamine administration. I might mention that Jean Walters has also looked at the globus pallidus in the behaving animals, and it is routinely increased by amphetamine administration. 

FIGURE 29-1. Anatomy of the extrapyramidal system. The extrapyramidal motor system controls muscle movement through a system of pathways and nerve tracts that connect the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum, reticular formation, and spinal neurons. Patients with Parkinson s disease have a loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra in the brain stem that leads to depletion of dopamine in the corpus striatum. The corpus striatum is made up of the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nuclei that are made up of the putamen and the globus pallidus. 

SC A3 (Machado- nigra Substantia nigra, globus pallidus, 13 42 61-84 Ataxin-3 NI (c)... 

Urbain N., Gervasoni D., Souliere F. et al. (2000). Unrelated course of subthalamic nucleus of globus pallidus neuronal activities across vigilance states in the rat. Eur. ]. Neurosci. 12, 3361-74. 

McQuade Sharp (1997) tested whether electrical stimulation of the DRN or the MRN releases 5-HT in rat forebrain regions in a pattern that correlates with the distribution of 5-HT projections from the serotonergic nuclei. Stimulation of the DRN evoked the release of 5-HT in the frontal cortex, dorsal striatum, globus pallidus, and ventral hippocampus. Conversely, 5-HT release in dialysates collected from the dorsal and ventral hippocampus and the medial septum was increased in response to MRN stimulation. Thus, the functional mapping of DRN... 

Globus pallidus, substantia nigra, caudate putamen... 

Choroid plexus, globus pallidus, cerebral cortex, hypothalamus septum, substantia nigra, spinal cord... 

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