Iodine deficiency injections

Single egg injection of 0.104 mg/kg egg FW via air sac on day 4 of incubation RINGED-TURTLE DOVE, Streptopelia risoria Fed iodine-deficient diet LD50 at hatch beak defects in survivors, especially crossed beaks 17... 

Prophylaxis is generally not necessary Patients at risk should be closely monitored by endocrinologists after iodinated contrast medium injection In selected high-risk patients prophylactic treatment may be given by an endocrinologist this is more relevant in areas of dietary iodine deficiency Intravenous cholangiographic contrast media should not be given to patients at risk... 

THERAP cat (VET) In actinobacillosis. actinomycosis. For simple goiter. As expectorant. In iodine deficiency and in chronic poisoipng with lead or mercury. Orally only, not by injection. Externally for treatment of bursal enlargements. 

The observation of toxicity of iodine mainly focused on the iodide or iodate, which is normally present in iodized salt, milk, water and leachate of foodstuffs. However, the toxicity of some other species of iodine may be much higher than that of iodide and iodate. For the prevention of iodine deficiency disorders, iodized oil was used as an injection or administered orally in many countries iodized oil is normally produced by binding iodine atoms to the polyunsaturated fatty acid in the oil (Zimmermann et al, 2000). After administration, it was supposed that iodine is released gradually as iodide to maintain a constant supply of iodine to the body. Experience in the past decades shows that the utilization of iodized oil is safe. However, acute poisoning of iodized oil to children who are orally administered was reported in China in 1998 this may be related to the species of iodine, which may be more toxic than iodide or iodate. Iodine has been used as an effective, simple, and cost-efficient means of water disinfection (Backer and Hollowell, 2000), in which the active disinfectant species are elemental iodine and hypo-iodous acid. Doses of iodine below 1 mg/1 kill bacteria within minutes. Elemental iodine and hypoiodous acid remain in the disinfected water, which may be toxic to humans. 

The demonstration of the prevention of cretinism with iodized oil in a double-blind controlled trial in Papua New Guinea established the causal role of iodine deficiency in cretinism by an effect on the developing fetal brain (Pharoah et al, 1971). Cretinism could not be prevented unless the iodized oil was given before pregnancy, as injection during pregnancy was ineffective (Table 62.2). 

Further studies in sheep of the effect of correction of iodine deficiency by iodized oil injection at 100 days gestation (end of second trimester) revealed only partial correction of the effect on brain strucmre by the end of gestation (Potter et al.y 1984). This requires follow-up with observations of behavior and neurological stams into the postnatal period. Such studies could also be carried out in marmosets (primate model) with greater relevance to humans. However, the finding in sheep is consistent with observations in humans that the injection of iodized oil in the latter half of pregnancy may not prevent cretinism in the infant (Pharoah et al., 1971). Similar observations have been made by Cao et al. (1994) in China. 

In KBD subjects, the evolution of thyroid function after correction of iodine was similar in selenium supplemented and nonsupplemented subjects. This finding corroborated previous studies, suggesting only a moderate effect of selenium deficiency on thyroid hormones in human (Calomme et al, 1995 St. Germain and Galton, 1997). In Tibet, the administration of an intramuscular injection of 475-mg of iodine to KBD subjects was sufficient to correct iodine deficiency for 16 months, because at this time serum T3 increased again to pre-iodine levels and mean iodine urinary concentrations had fallen... 

There was controversy about the relationship between iodine deficiency and neurological cretinism. The apparent disappearance of cretinism in southern Europe without any iodized salt program suggested that it was not related to iodine deficiency. In 1964, there was an opportunity to investigate this question in New Guinea, because of the availabihty of a new method for the correction of iodine deficiency that is, injections of iodized oil (lipidol) were made available. 

Notes-. The results indioated that cretins had disappeared from the offspring of mothers who had received iodized oil injection, but continued to reappear in those who received saline. Six cretins were born following iodized oil injection in all cases, except one in which the mother was pregnant at the time of injection of iodized oil. From the study it was ooncluded that an iodized oil injection before pregnancy could prevent cretinism. In addition, infant deaths were reduced in the iodized-oil-administered group, whioh indicated an effect of iodine deficiency on survival of the fetus. Pregnancies were already established when mothers were injected with iodized oil (six oases) or with saline (five cases). 

Injection of iodized oil to a cretin couple from a severely iodine deficient area resulted in birth of normal children and prevent reproductive damage. 

Active prophylaxis (AP) is the provision of iodine supplements to an iodine-deficient population. Beside the individual supplementation of oral iodine and injections of iodized oil, the most common supplementation strategy is the iodization of salt, water and animal feed. Some countries allow only iodized salt to be sold, while other countries allow both iodized and uniodized salt. 

However, it was in the 1970 s that the matter was settled A controlled trial with iodised oil in the Western Highlands of Papua New Guinea took advantage of the demonstrable effect of and injection of iodised oil in correcting severe iodine deficiency for a period of up to 5 years. Alternate families were injected with iodised oil or saline in order to see whether indeed the correction of iodine deficiency would prevent cretinism. 

It was possible to show by 1970 that cretins had disappeared from the progeny of treated mothers, but continued to appear from the untreated mothers. Although cretins had been born to seven treated mothers, six of seven of these mothers were already known to be pregnant when injected. It was therefore concluded that cretinism could be prevented if the iodine deficiency could be corrected before pregnancy. 

Severe iodine deficiency was produced in sheep (4) with a low-iodine diet of crushed maize and pelleted pea pollard (8-15 ]ig iodine/Kg) which provided 5-8 yg iodine per day. After a period of 5 months, although body weights were maintained, iodine deficiency was evident with the appearance of goitre, low plasma T/ and T3 values, elevated TSH levels and low daily urinary excretion of iodine. Control animals received the same diet but were supplemented with 2 mg sodium iodide administered by subcutaneous injections each week or by a single iodized oil injection (1 ml = 480 mg iodine). The ewes were mated with normal fertile rams, the dates of conception established, and fetuses delivered at 56, 70, 98 and 140 days gestation by hysterotomy. (The normal gestation period for the sheep is 150 days). 

We know that endemic cretinism can be prevented by the normalization of iodine intake in the population, for example by the introduction of iodized salt. It can also be prevented by giving injections of iodized oil to mothers during early or even late pregnancy in the case of myxedematous cretinism (Reviews in 3-6). We also know that newborns are more sensitive than children and adults to the antithyroid effects of both iodine deficiency and iodine excess (84). 

This report pertains to (1) an iodine deficient (ID) cohort of children (n 519) who were born prior to the introduction of any iodine prophylaxis (2) a cohort of children (n-124) of variable iodine status (IV) who were born of mothers who had not been injected with iodized oil but had possibly used iodated salt by the time of the index child s conception, and (3) an iodine sufficient (IS) cohort of children (n-143) who were born of mothers who had been injected with iodized oil prior to the index child s conception. 

In developed countries where there is a risk of iodine deficiency, supplementation of foods is common. Iodized salt may be available, or bread may be baked using iodized salt. In developing countries, such enrichment of foods is not generally possible, and the treatment and prevention of iodine deficiency depends on periodic visits to areas at risk by medical teams who give relatively large doses of iodized oil by intramuscular injection. 

It was in these circumstances that it was decided in 1966 to set up a controlled trial in the Western Highlands of Papua New Guinea to see whether endemic cretinism could be prevented by correction of iodine deficiency with the then recently available injection of iodised oil. ... 

Figure 5 SubsidenceotgoiterinaNewQuineawomanSmonths after the injection of iodized oil. This is accompanied by a feeling of well-being due to a rise in the level of the thyroid hormone in the blood. This makes the injections very popular. (Reproduced from Hetzel BS (1989) The Story of Iodine Deficiency An international Challenge in Nutrition. Oxford Oxford University Press.)...

Iodized Oil Iodine in poppy seed oil-lipiodol is extensively used in radiology as a radio-contrast medium to demonstrate holes (cavities) in the lung. Available both by injection (lipiodol) and by mouth (oriodol) for the instant correction of iodine deficiency Iodized Salt Salt to which potassium iodate or potassium iodide has been added at a recommended level of 20—40 milligrams of iodine per kilogram of salt Kiwanis International A World Service Group including more than 10,000 clubs and over 500,000 members based in the USA... 

---