Iodide adverse effects

Clinical applications include preoperative suppression of thyroid secretion according to Plummer with Lugol s solution (5% iodine + 10% potassium iodide, 50-100 mg iodine/d for a maximum of 10 d). In thyrotoxic crisis, LugoTs solution is given together with thioamides and p-blockers. Adverse effects allergies contraindications iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis. 

Iodides should not be used alone since the normal gland will escape from iodide blockade in 2-8 weeks. Chronic use in pregnancy is not recommended because it crosses placenta and cause fetal goitre. Iodide treatment results in high intrathyroidal iodide content that can delay the onset of thioamide therapy or delay the use for radioactive iodine therapy for weeks if not months. Adverse effects include Hodism which is rare and reversible. The clinical symptoms are acneiform rash, sialadenitis, mucous membrane ulceration, conjuctivitis, rhinor-rhoea, metallic taste and rarely anaphylactoid reaction. 

Another entry into the preparation of 3-arylpyrroles starts with the reaction of the 3-iodopyrrole derivative shown in 6.28. with hexabutyl-distannane in the presence of a palladium catalyst. The formed intermediate was reacted, in the presence of a similar catalyst system, with different aryl iodides to give the desired products in good to excellent yield38 It is worth mentioning that the presence of a formyl group in the 2-position of he pyrrole had no adverse effect on the efficiency of the couplings. 

Of 126 participants in a study of the metabolism of radiolabelled proteins, four repeatedly developed urticaria and other symptoms after potassium iodide administration (65). Two of them were challenged with oral potassium iodide and developed urticaria, angioedema, polymyalgia, conjunctivitis, and coryza. Ten control patients were also challenged without adverse effects. 

It has been suggested that potassium perchlorate should be used in the treatment of type 1 hyperthyroidism and glucocorticoids in the treatment of type 2 (SEDA-21, 199). Since hypothyroidism due to amiodarone tends to occur in areas in which there is sufficient iodine in the diet, it has been hypothesized that an iodinated organic inhibitor of hormone synthesis is formed and that the formation of this inhibitor is inhibited by perchlorate to a greater extent than thyroid hormone iodination is inhibited, since the iodinated lipids that are thought to be inhibitors require about 10 times more iodide than the hormone. However, there is a high risk of recurrence after treatment with potassium perchlorate, and it can cause serious adverse effects (SED-13,1281). 

Hydrolysis of chlorobenzene and the influence of silica gel catalysts on this reaction have been studied by Freidlin and co-workers (109). Pure silica gel gave up to 45% phenol from chlorobenzene at 600°C. When the silica gel was promoted with 2% cupric chloride, up to 75% phenol was obtained (381). A number of other salts were tested by Freidlin and co-workers as promoters, but they exerted an adverse effect on the activity or selectivity of the catalyst. With 0.2% cupric chloride and 6% metallic copper, the activity of silica-gel was doubled (389). At 500° under the above conditions, the halides were hydrolyzed at rates decreasing in the following order chloride, bromide, iodide, fluoride (110). The specific activation of aryl halides by cupric chloride was demonstrated by conversion of chlorobenzene to benzene and of naphthyl chloride to naphthalene when this catalyst was supported on oxides of titanium or tin (111). The silica promoted with cupric chloride was also found to be suitable for hydrolysis of chlorophenols and dichlorobenzenes however, side reactions were too prominent in these cases (112). 

Pralidoxime administered to human volunteers at a dose of lOmg/kg by intramuscular route produced a plasma concentration of >4 mg/1 within 5-10 min and maintained levels above this threshold for an hour (Sidell and Groff, 1971). Adverse effects of 2-PAM iodide in volunteers include dizziness, blurred vision, occasional diplopia, impaired accommodation, nausea, and headache (Jager and Stagg, 1958 Sidell and Groff, 1971). 

The adverse effects of radioiodine are as for iodism, above. In the event of inadvertent overdose, large doses of sodium or potassimn iodide should be given to compete with the radioiodine for thyroid uptake and to hasten excretion by increasing iodide turnover (increased fluid intake and a diuretic are adjuvants). 

A 5-10 mg oral dose of the anticholinergic drug isopropamide iodide produces typical anticholinergic adverse effects. In patients with ZoUinger-Ellison syndrome the combination of cimetidine plus isopropamide 20-40 mg/day was generally more effective in suppressing acid secretion than cimetidine alone (1). 

Adverse effects are the result of hypersensitivity reactions to the iodide component or the result of iodine accumulation following chronic administration. In patients with renal impairment, potassium concentrations may increase. 

The determination of hydroperoxide number is significant because of the adverse effect of hydroperoxides on certain elastomers in the fuel systems. This method (ASTM D-6447) measures the same peroxide species,primarily the hydroperoxides in aviation fuels. This test method does not use the ozone-depleting substance l,l,2-trichloro-l,2,2-trifluoroethane (ASTM D-3703) and is applicable to any water-insoluble, organic fluid, particularly diesel fuels, gasoline, and kerosene. In this method, a quantity of sample is contacted with aqueous potassium iodide (KI) solution in the presence of acid.The hydroperoxides present are reduced by potassium iodide,liberating an equivalent amount of iodine, which is quantified by voltametric analysis. 

The determination of peroxide number of aviation turbine fuel is important because of the adverse effects of peroxides on certain elastomers in the fuel system. In the test, the sample is dissolved (unlike ASTM D-6447) in l,l,2-trichloro-l,2,2-trifluoroethane and is contacted within an aqueous potassium iodide solution. The peroxides present are reduced by the potassium iodide, whereupon an equivalent amount of iodine is released that is titrated with standard sodium thiosulfate solution and a starch indicator. 

Vagenakis AG Braverman LE (1975) Adverse effects of iodides on thyroid function. Med Clin North Am, 59 1075-1088. 

Long-term therapy is contraindicated, because iodides will cross the placenta and into breast milk, causing hypothyroidism (goiter) in the fetus and neonate. Short, intensive therapy for thyrotoxic crisis may be utilized without adverse effects to the fetus. 

Large amounts of thioq anate are generated in people with a high intake of cyanide from tobacco smoking, from cyanide in food, or from industrial pollution of the environment with cyanide. Thiocyanate may also be directly consumed with certain foods. Thiocyanate is a competitive inhibitor of the sodium iodide symporter (NIS) at thiocyanate levels normally found in blood. Thereby, it worsens iodine deficiency by inhibition of thyroidal iodide accumulation and by inhibition of iodide transport into breast milk for infant nutrition. Cessation of smoking, reduction of industrial pollution and improved diet will reduce the role of thiocyanate in thyroid disease. In individuals exposed to high levels of thiocyanate, adverse effects may be prevented by an increase in iodine intake. 

The beneficial effects of iodine supplementation in the prevention and control of developed thyroid abnormalities due to iodine deficiency have been discussed so far in this chapter. However, supplementation with excess iodine, including the improvement of a previous iodine-deficient state, may cause thyroid dysfunctions, viz., iodine-induced hypothyroidism/iodide goiter in susceptible subjects (Roti and Vagenakis, 2000) and iodine-induced hyperthyroidism (IIH) especially in individuals over 40 years of age and who have been iodine deficient for a long period in the past (Vidor et ai, 1973). It may also increase the ratio of papillary/follicular carcinomas (Slowinska-Klencka et ai, 2002). In other words, both low and excess intake of iodine is related to further risk of thyroid disease. Although a daily intake of up to 1000 pg/day by a normal adult individual is quite safe (WHO, 1994), the upper limit is much lower in a population that has been exposed to iodine deficiency in the past. Therefore, to prevent IDD, the recommended iodine requirement in an adult individual is fixed within a narrow range of 150 rg/day (Knudsen et ai, 2000). Iodine supplementation under certain conditions in certain populations causes adverse effects, e.g., iodide goiter and iodine-induced hypothyroidism, IIH, iodine-induced thyroiditis and thyroid cancer. 

This electrolyte was used to assemble a DSSC, in combination with the Z-907 dye, showing = H-3 mA cmVoc = 0.66 V and FF = 0.71, respectively, yielding an overall energy conversion efficiency of 5.3%. Comparing this electrolyte with the one prepared without polymer, the authors observed that the presence of polymer had no adverse effect on the conversion efficiency. Since the main component of the gel is the ionic liquid, liquid channels are formed in the polymeric phase and the diffusion of iodide and triiodide occurs in these channels." A similar phenomenon was also observed in other polymer gel systems." " Similar electrolytes based on l-propyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium iodide containing 5 wt% of PVDF-HFP (5 wt%) were also investigated in combination with the Z-907 dye. The overall conversion efficiency of 6.1% at 100 mW cm illumination was reported." ... 

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