Invention elements

Oleander was reading a book of the new philosophical school, the critical or chemical school as he called it. Chemical because these philosophers of the absolute Nothing are the Liebigs of the invisible world, as he told Siegbert. Such as the chemical retort invents element after element,... 

What particularly seemed to excite Wohler and his mentor Berzelius about this experiment had very little to do with vitalism Berzelius was interested m cases m which two clearly different materials had the same elemental composition and he invented the term isomerism to define it The fact that an inorganic compound (ammonium cyanate) of molecular formula CH4N2O could be transformed into an organic compound (urea) of the same molecular formula had an important bearing on the concept of isomerism... 

Nobel-laureate Richard Feynman once said that the principles of physics do not preclude the possibility of maneuvering things atom by atom (260). Recent developments in the fields of physics, chemistry, and biology (briefly described in the previous sections) bear those words out. The invention and development of scanning probe microscopy has enabled the isolation and manipulation of individual atoms and molecules. Research in protein and nucleic acid stmcture have given rise to powerful tools in the estabUshment of rational synthetic protocols for the production of new medicinal dmgs, sensing elements, catalysts, and electronic materials. 

Tlie next section of the patent is tided "The Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment", Q (Fig. lb), often a multipage work serving several functions. First, the detailed description should provide an illustration of the invention in both its broadest or simplest sense and in its most preferred sense. Any elements of the invention that the inventor beheves are crucial to the success or performance of the invention must also be included within this description. Further, tbi< description should provide an explanation of the invention that is definite and illustrative, so as to allow persons having nothing but die patent before diem to practice or use die invention in the manner intended. This description should be understood by those who work in the area that covers the subject matter of the patent. 

When evaluating an issued patent for purposes of determining the patentabiUty of a new invention, the entire patent must be considered. As a result, the figures, K, and The Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment, Q, are every bit as important to an issued patent as the claims, S. At certain times any one of these elements may become more relevant than another. For example, claims tend to be more relevant to deterrninations of patent infringement or violation. However, in deterrninations concerning the patentabiUty of new inventions, the figures, K, and The Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment, Q, may be the most relevant aspects of any previous patent. 

Along with other elements of the invention, it is good practice to include within the record of invention any first written descriptions or drawings of... 

Have the essential elements of the invention been identified ... 

A fundamental statutory prerequisite to patentabiHty is novelty. A lack of novelty occurs when each and every element of the invention, as it is claimed, is found in a single disclosure which occurs before the date of invention. Such a disclosure may occur in any of a number of forms. To be an adequate disclosure, it should be catalogued or inventoried as a book might be in a reference Hbrary and open to pubHc dissernination. The novelty requirement presents the inventor with an extensive Hst of "cans" and "caimots." Unfortunately, the natural course of research and development often leads to activities which are much more readily categorized as "caimots" than "cans." Ultimately these activities may even proscribe the issuance of a patent if an appHcation is not filed in a timely fashion. 

The grant of a patent is also dependent on whether the advance, appHcation, development, or invention is obvious. If an invention is obvious, it is not patentable. The legal qualification of obviousness is a very difficult concept to understand. Although all the elements of an invention may actually be published, if they do not appear together in a single publication, then the invention is generally stiU novel. However, if the publications may be read in combination to disclose all elements of the invention, the invention may be considered obvious and not patentable. 

An element of a prior invention has been omitted without loss of capabiHty. 

An inventor may estabHsh utiHty by providing several working examples which disclose preparation, appHcation, and even some or all of the benefits of the invention. UtiHty may also be substantiated by merely disclosing several appHcations for the invention. One method of determining the breadth or scope of an invention is to define the invention by only those elements essential to performing the intended task. This definition should then become the broadest cl aim of the patent appHcation. 

Definiteness. Adequate description or definiteness requites that the patent claims provide an outline of those elements which are integral to the appHcation s invention. In turn, the specification acts as a dictionary wherein the reader can interpret and understand the elements in the patent claims. Complementary to the requirement of definiteness is the requirement that the appHcation must disclose the entire invention. The appHcant cannot make a claim of right to the invention where essential elements of the invention are not disclosed in the patent. 

In drafting a patent appHcation, proceeding methodically through the several steps necessary to produce the type of disclosure legally and technically sufficient to satisfy the requirements of the laws of the United States is absolutely essential to a successful granting of the patent. A first step is to outHne those elements of the invention which are absolutely essential to its practice. A body of disclosure should be outlined for each of the essential elements of the claim. This disclosure should describe each element in terms of its function, as weU as the parameters that are relevant to the essential nature of the individual element. For example, if a chemical mixture has a component which acts so as to thicken the mixture, it is appropriate to outHne the family of constituents that can serve this function. At the same time, a full outHne of the disclosure of this individual element will include mention of those chemicals that are preferred for use within the mixture so as to perform the desired thickening function. 

Once this process has been completed for each of the essential elements, patent claims maybe drafted which cover the invention. These claims will cover, in the broadest sense, only those elements of the invention which are essential. Narrower, more focused claims, however, should also be included within the patent appHcation. These claims may focus on aspects of the invention that the appHcant beHeves are preferred, or may otherwise represent essential aspects of any commercial product that will stem from the invention. Finally, claims should also be drafted to cover alternative forms of the invention. Such alternative forms of the invention may not necessarily be considered to be preferred commercially, but they may present an area where a competitor could attempt to engineer "around" the invention. 

Once the claims have been written, a fuller disclosure of the invention may be drafted. This description of the invention will generally foUow the outlines of the essential and optional elements. Such an outHne will include a functional description of elements including relevant broad and preferred parameters for each of the elements. The description of the invention also should explain the intended interrelationship of the elements that is needed to produce the invention. 

In 1840, potassium was recognized as an essential element for plant growth (6). This discovery and the invention in 1861 of a process to recover potassium chloride from mbbish salt, a waste in German salt mines, started the modem potassium chemical industry (5). Potassium compounds produced throughout the world in 1993 amounted to ca 22 million metric tons as K O equivalent (4), down from ca 24 million t in 1992, having fallen annually from 32 million t in 1989 (2). Estimated production capacity was between 29 and 32 million t in 1992 (2). 

It appears that HIP was independently invented, also in 1955, at the Battelle Memorial Institute in Columbus, Ohio, under contract to the Atomic Energy Commission and with the immediate objective of bonding nucelar fuel elements with precise dimensional control. 

Rubidium was discovered as a minor constituent of lepidolite by R. W. Bunsen and G. R. Kirchhoff in 1861 only a few months after their discovery of caesium (1860) in mineral spa waters. These two elements were the first to be discovered by means of the spectroscope, which Bunsen and Kirchhoff had invented the previous year (1859) accordingly their names refer to the colour of the most prominent lines in their spectra (Latin rubidus, deepest red caesius, sky blue). 

F. Haber s catalytic synthesis of NH3 developed in collaboration with C. Bosch into a large-scale industrial process by 1913. (Hater was awarded the 1918 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements Bosch shared the 1931 Nobel Prize for contributions to the invention and development of chemical high-pressure methods , the Hater synthesis of NH3 being the first high-pressure industrial process.)... 

E. O. Lawrence (Berkeley) invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements. 

Electron-dot symbols for the first eighteen elements. This scheme, invented in the early twentieth century by G. N. Lewis, provides a rough but useful tool for predicting the availability of an atom s valence electrons for chemical bonding. 

After completing a doctorate, he headed to Germany for a postdoctoral fellowship, then returned to Russia where he set about writing a book aimed at summarizing all of inorganic chemistry. It was while writing this book that he was forced to invent the organizing principle with which he is now invariably connected, namely the periodic system of the elements. 

Sweden produced a disproportionate number of outstanding chemists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Jons Jakob Berzelius (1779-1848) determined with amazing accuracy the atomic masses of virtually all the elements known in his time. In his spare time, he invented such modern laboratory tools as the beaker, the flask, the pipet, and the ringstand. 

The important biological role of the isobacteriochlorins has decisively influenced the development of synthetic approaches leading to the isobacteriochlorin class of compounds. All of the naturally occurring isobacteriochlorins contain geminally dialkylated structural parts in the saturated pyrrole rings, which require special approaches for their synthesis. Until the discovery of siroheme and sirohydrochlorin, this structural element could only be found in vitamin B,2. Using the synthetic potential, which was invented during numerous syntheses of... 

This is one of the best spirit inventions that we ve done, Mr. Adams said. We re bringing the food element in.The public s very into that. The flavor profile is intense. The liquor companies have been way ahead of us, putting similar ingredients into their liquors. 

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