Berzelius. Jons Jakob

Hampel, Clifford A., and Hawley, Gessner G., eds. (1973). The Encyclopedia of Chemistry, 3rd edition. New York Van Nostrand Reinhold. 

Proctor, Nick H., and Hughes, James P., eds. (1978). Chemical Hazards of the Workplace. Philadelphia Lippincott. 

Before the early 1800s the symbols used to denote chemical elements and compounds were obscure. Alchemists wanted to keep their work secret and so devised symbols for the chemicals they used that would not reveal anything about them. This all changed with the work of Jons Jakob Berzelius. 

Berzelius was born in Linkoping, Sweden, in 1779. Both of his parents died while he was young, yet he still managed to finance his education by tutoring. He became interested in nature at school, and while he was a medical student at the University of Uppsala, his interests became more focused on experimental chemistry. Berzefius was so taken with experimental work, he bribed a caretaker in order to gain extra access to the university s laboratory. 

In addition to devising a new language of chemistry, Berzelius was also keenly interested in the analysis of minerals. In 1800 Berzelius was apprenticed to a physician at the Medivi mineral springs in Sweden. Here, he analyzed the mineral content of the spring water. It was while working at Medivi that he developed his quantitative analysis skills. 

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Dalton s most significant work was done between 1795 and 1805, but fame came later—when the importance of his atomic theory was realized. He became a member of the Royal Society in 1822, received its first Royal Medal in 1826, and was honored with a state pension in 1833, among other honors. He died on July 27, 1844, and 40,000 people attended his funeral. see also Berzelius, Jons Jakob Faraday, Michael Lavoisier, Antoine Priestley, Joseph. 

Although his research activity diminished after these two major discoveries, Hess remained influential in the development of chemistry in Russia. His textbook Fundamentals of Pure Chemistry saw seven editions and remained the standard Russian text in chemistry until 1861. He remained active in teaching and mentoring younger scientists, until declining health forced his retirement in 1848. He died on December 13, 1850, at the relatively young age of forty-eight, see also Arrhenius, Svante Berzelius, Jons Jakob Thermochemistry. 

Regioselectivity in the formation of regioisomers is also observed in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions. In the case of monosubstituted benzene derivatives, there are three possible regiosomeric products that form at different rates, based on the mechanism of the reaction (see Figure 13). see also Berzelius, Jons Jakob Chirality Dalton, John Davy, Humphry Molecular Structure Scheele, Carl Wohler, Friedrich. 

Berthollet, Claude-Louis Berzelius, Jons Jakob Black, Joseph Bohr, Niels Boltzmann, Ludwig Boyle, Robert Bragg, William Henry Bragg, William Lawrence Bronsted, Johannes Nicolaus Bunsen, Robert... 

SEE ALSO Berzelius, Jons Jakob Dysprosium Erbium Europium Gadolinium Holmium Lanthanum Lutetium Neodymium Praseodymium Promethium Samarium Terbium Ytterbium. 

On March 11, 1890, on the occasion of the twenty-fifth anniversary of his announcement of his benzene theory, Kekule gave a speech in Berlin in which he revealed that both his structural theories and the structure of benzene were revealed to him in dreams. Scholars have tended to dismiss his account of his own creative processes and have placed more stock in the early training that Kekule received in architecture as the key to his inspiration. SEE ALSO Berzelius, Jons Jakob Liebig, Justus von Organic Chemistry Pauling, Linus. 

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