Microscopic investigations

Much of what we currently understand about the micromechanics of shock-induced plastic flow comes from macroscale measurement of wave profiles (sometimes) combined with pre- and post-shock microscopic investigation. This combination obviously results in nonuniqueness of interpretation. By this we mean that more than one micromechanical model can be consistent with all observations. In spite of these shortcomings, wave profile measurements can tell us much about the underlying micromechanics, and we describe here the relationship between the mesoscale and macroscale. 

Stickler, R. and Vinckier, A., Electron Microscope Investigation of the Intergranular Corrosion Fracture Surfaces in a Sensitised Austenitic Stainless Steel , Corros. Sci., 3, 1 (1963) von Schwenk, W. and Buhler, H.-E., Beoboshtungen an einem Kornzerfallsen falligen Austenitischen Cr-Ni-Stahl im Aktivzustand , Corros. Sci., 3, 145 (1963)... 

Microscopical Investigation of Plastisol Nitrocellulose , NAVWEPS Rpt 7086, NOTS TP 2497 (1960) 28) B.T. Fedoroff et ai, Encycl... 

The various techniques which may be used to provide optimum conditions for the examination of specimens have been described [202—205]. If the sample is opaque, then microscopic investigation is limited to the surface. The depths of penetration for the study of transparent crystals are controlled by the limited depth of field of the optical microscope at high magnifications. This limitation can sometimes be overcome by cleavage of the crystal at an appropriate value of a and examination of the surfaces exposed [120],... 

Altner H. and Muller W. (1968). Electrophysiological and electron microscopical investigation of the sensory epithelium in the vomeronasal organ in lizards (Lacerta). Z Vergl Physiol 60, 151-155. 

Microscopic investigation for the presence of blas-tospores or pseudohyphae saline wet mount has a sensitivity of 40% to 50%, while a potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation has a sensitivity of 50% to 70%.7... 

The field emission microscope investigation of surface reactions. Physic. Rev. [2] 92, 854 (1953). 

Yount DE, Gillary EW, Hoffman DC (1984) A microscopic investigation of bubble formation nuclei. J Acoust Soc Am 76 1511-1521... 

Bennett HS. Methods applicable to the study of both fresh and fixed material. The microscopical investigation of biological materials with polarized light, in McClung s Handbook of Microscopical Technique, 3rd ed., (McClung Jones R, ed.), Paul Hoeber, New York, 1950, pp. 591-677. 

Schreiner, M. (1988). Deterioration of stained medieval glass by atmospheric attack. Part 1. Scanning microscopic investigations of the weathering phenomena. Glastechnische Berichte 61 197-204. 

In order to control the quantity of fullerene, contacting biological objects, FoS were obtained by evaporation of saturated solution of C60 in hexane introduced in the wells of 96-well culture plates ( Sarstedt ). Twenty-five microliters of solution was applied to each well and evaporated at 20-25 °C, after which the procedure was repeated several times to obtain a desirable concentration of fullerene (10, 20, and 30pg/cm2). Application of such volume allows obtaining a surface, covered with fullerene on the bottom and partly on the walls of a well at a high less than 2 mm. Microscopic investigations (optical and electronic microscopy) have shown that the surface was covered irregularly fullerene formed the isolated clusters, so that obtained fullerene films were not the real films, but rather isolated clusters of fullerene molecules (data not shown). However, it should be noted that their dimensions were smaller than those of cells and each cell covered several such clusters. 

Microscopic Investigations of Liposome Uptake by Dendritic Cells... 

To elucidate the mechanism of metal UPD, a number of studies on Cu and Ag UPD have been performed over the years comprising phenomenological, CV-based studies and microscopic investigations with STM both ex situ and in situ [38, 39,... 

Suzuki T, Fujiwake H, Iwai K (1980) Intracellular localization of capsaicin and its analogues, capsaicinoid, in Capsicum fruit. 1. Microscopic investigation of the structure of the placenta of Capsicum annuum var. annuum cv. Karayatsubusa. Plant Cell Physiol 21 839-853 Ohta Y (1963) Physiological and genetical studies on the pungency of Capsicum IV. Secretory organ, receptacles and distribution of capsaicin in the Capsicum fruits. Jap J Breed 12 179-183... 

Microscopic investigation of the mice from group I revealed the presence of vessel congestion, small numerous intralobular and perivenular infiltrates, moderate focal protein-hydropic degeneration combined with polymorphism of hepatocyte nuclei and inconstant lymphoid infiltration of portal tracts. Marked activation of histiomacrophage elements — hepatic macrophages must be emphasized. Homotypic moderate inflammatory alterations remained in the liver on Days 3, 5, 7 and 10. The presence of inflammatory mononuclear infiltration in the walls of central veins, typical for a viral infection, reflects a massive lesion of the vascular... 

Because the clays have a basic layered structure of aluminosilicate sheets the expectation was a platy habit. The creation of tubular forms was studied by Bates (1959). He postulated that the curved forms, observed by electron microscopic investigation of halloysite and chrysotile, originated through the relief of strain between sheets of unequal dimensions. 

Amouric, M. Baronnet, A. Nahon, D. Didier, P. (1986) Electron microscopic investigations of iron oxyhydroxides and accompanying phases in lateritic iron-crust pisolites. Clays Clay Min. 34 45-52... 

Two-photon excitation fluorescence is currently the most widely nsed nonlinear contrast mechanism for microscopic investigations. The first experimental demonstration of two-photon excitation fluorescence was provided in 1961 (Kaiser and Garrett 1961), even though the first theoretical description of two-photon excitation flnorescence stems back to 1931 (Goppert-Mayer 1931). Three-photon absorption was demonstrated a few years later by Singh and Bradley (1964). Two-photon absorption is a third-order nonlinear effect, whereas three-photon absorption is a fifth-order nonlinear effect. The transition rate for two-photon absorption, R, depends on the square of the intensity, /, as follows (see Boyd 1992) ... 

Ziegler, F., Giere, R. Johnson, C. A. 2001a. The sorption mechanisms of zinc to calcium silicate hydrate Sorption studies and microscopic investigations. Environmental Science and Technology, 35, 4556-4561. 

Thus, the important question of the secondary structure of the transmembrane elements can only be addressed with models and by structural comparison with other transmembrane proteins for which the structure has been resolved. Detailed information on the structure of transmembrane elements is available for the photoreaction center of Rhodopseudomonas viridis (review Deisenhofer and Michel, 1989), cytochrome c oxidase (Iwata et al., 1995) and the OmpF porin of E. coli (Cowan et al., 1992 Fig. 5.3), amongst others. In addition, high resolution electron microscopic investigations and X-ray studies of bacteriorhodopsin, a light-driven ion pump with seven transmembrane elements, have yielded valuable information on the structure and configuration of membrane-spaiming elements (Henderson et al., 1990 Kimura et al., 1997 Pebay-Peyrula et al., 1997 Fig. 5.4). With the successful crystallization of the photoreaction center of Rhodopseudomonas viridis, a membrane protein was displayed at atomic resolution for the first time (Deisenhofer et al., 1985). The membrane-... 

Fig. 7.13. Primary structure and oligomeric structure of CaM kinase II of type p. a) Linear representation of the functional domain of CaM kinase Up. b) The ohgomeric structure shown is proposed for an octamer of type P, based on electron microscopic investigations (Kanaseki et al., 1991). The iV-terminal catalytic domain is represented as a larger circle, the C-terminal ohgomerization domain by a smaller circle. CaM calmodulin.

Clinical signs, brain MRI and microscope investigation of skin or lymphocytes... 

Hohling, H. J., Ashton, B. A., Roster, H. D. Quantitative electron microscope investigations of mineral nucleation in collagen. Cell. Tiss. Res. 148, 11 (1974)... 

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