Collaborative International Pesticides

The Committee expressed concern at the fact that different chemical and physicochemical test methods are recommended by WHO and FAO. The FAO specifications give references to official and collaboratively tested methods adopted by the Collaborative International Pesticide Analytical Council (CIPAC) or by AO AC International (AOAC) and published by these organizations but do not provide full texts of the methods. In WHO specifications published up to 1997, the chemical and physicochemical methods are described in full, with the specifications, or under the heading WHO test methods in the same document. In some new Interim Specifications... 

Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council and AOAC International... 

The development of specifications cannot be effectively accomplished without proper analytical methodology. This also includes physical tests to ensure suitability as well as chemical analyses. Recognition of this need has led to international cooperation and coordination of effort. In this respect the Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical... 

Ashworth, R. deB., Henriet, J., Lovett, J.F., CIPAC Handbook Vol. 1, Raw G.R., Ed., Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council, Ltd., Harpenden, Hertfordshire, England, 1970. 

Guidelines for Collaboration between the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) and the Collaborative International Pesticide Analytical Council (CIPAC)", J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem.. 1974, 447-9. 

Brown (1970) mentioned the blue test and commented that it can be considered a useful indicator of the biological activity of PBO, since the allied cam-pounds, believed to have synergistic properties, contribute to the colorimetric response of the commercial product- In 1971, the Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council (CIPACJ also adopted the colorimetric test as its official method for PBO analysis. 

BCPC BS BUN CIPAC British Crop Protection Council British Standard Blood Urea Nitrogen Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council Limited... 

CIPAC Collaborative International Pesticide Analytical Council... 

CIPAC Handbook, volume 1, Analysis of Technical and Formulated Pesticides, Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council Ltd., Cambridge, England (1970). 

CIPAC (Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council) (http //www.cipac.org) ... 

Recently there has been progress towards a universal acceptance of collaboratively tested methods and collaborative trial results and methods, no matter by whom these trials are organised. This has been aided by the publication of the IUPAC/ISO/AOAC Harmonisation Protocol on Collaborative Studies.14 That Protocol was developed under the auspices of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists (IUPAC) aided by representatives from the major organisations interested in conducting collaborative studies. In particular, from the food sector, the AO AC International, the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), the International Dairy Federation (IDF), the Collaborative International Analytical Council for Pesticides (CIPAC), the Nordic Analytical Committee (NMKL), the Codex Committee on Methods of... 

WHOPES functions in close collaboration with national disease and pest control programmes and national pesticide registration authorities, many international and regional organizations and institutions concerned with pesticide management, legislation and regulation, research institutions and with industry. 

These activities have enabled WHOPES to plan for the expansion of the Scheme to include the testing and evaluation of a greater variety of pesticides. In recent years, WHOPES has also vigorously promoted the use of WHO specifications for public health pesticides in accordance with the International Code of Conduct on Distribution and Use of Pesticides. Examples of such efforts include the development and wide distribution of guidelines for the purchase of pesticides for public health use, provision of access to WHO specifications for pesticides and their test methods on the Internet, and an increase in the number of WHO collaborating centres for quality control of pesticides (currently three). 

Harmonization of methods is important for the laboratories given the task of monitoring products for compliance with specifications, especially where they have to monitor pesticides for both public health and agricultural use. It would also enable the wider use of robust methods, validated by international collaborative studies. 

The Committee expressed its appreciation for the continuing intensive collaboration between FAO and WHO and endorsed the envisaged further expansion of this cooperation to reflect the guiding role of these two organizations in the implementation of the International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides. 

Specifications for formulated or technical pesticides must be based on satisfactory analytical methods. Collaborative study methods that are acceptable to a number of international organizations are available through CIPAC-AOAC cooperation. Internationally, more effective use of current analytical methodology could result from increased efforts towards harmonization of methods and terminology. 

The International Organization for Standardizahon (ISO) has laid down principles for selecting common names for pesticides and other agrochemicals. These principles are comparable to the guiding principles for selechng INNs and have a similar purpose to provide short, distinctive, and easily pronounced names for substances whose full chemical names are too complex for convenient use. The names chosen should not be permitted to become privately owned hademarks. ISO names are also given for salts and complex esters, as well as mixtures of isomers. The work of the INN and ISO committees somehmes overlaps, especially in the held of veterinary medicine. The two committees collaborate to avoid different names used for the same compound. 

CABI Bioscience s Biopesticides Programme is committed to the development and use of biopesticides as safe, environmentally friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides. The Programme carries out collaborative inter-disciplinary research and development, offers training in insect pathology, runs the International Biopesticide Consortium for Development (IBCD), disseminates information and promotes the role and value of biopesticides in sustainable crop production, poverty alleviation and wealth generation. 

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