Interlinings

A CIP system includes pipelines, interconnected with valves to direct fluid to appropriate locations, and the control circuit, which consists of interlines to control the valves that direct the cleaning solutions and water through the lines, and air lines which control and move the valves. A programmer controls the timing and the air flow to the valves on a set schedule. The 3A Standards for CIP components, equipment, and installation have been developed. A simple CIP system circuit is shown in Figure 11. 

Other companies with early involvement in developing nonwovens as textile replacements include Avondale Mills, Kimberly-Clark, The Kendall Company, and the West Point Manufacturing Company. Freudenburg of Germany, a worldwide producer of nonwoven interlinings (another woven fabric replacement), began efforts in the 1930s to find a substitute for leather (qv) (7). 

Other Durable Applications. Other durable appHcations such as interlinings and coating/laminating substrates do not appear to offer much near-term opportunity for growth for spunbonded fabrics. In interlinings, however, spunlaced nonwovens have received wide acceptance because of the outstanding drape and softness previously unavailable from any other fabric. 

Powdered polyethylene is also used to bond cloth interliners to garments. Automobile carpets are often made with a polyethylene rather than a latex backing because the polyethylene-backed carpet can be heat-formed so that the carpet will fit the shape of the car floor and cutting and sewing operations are consequently eliminated. 

While the surface tension of the adhesive, is easily measured in the laboratory, the other terms in Wa, by themselves, are not. A second easily measurable property associated with the solid-liquid-air system, however, is the contact angle, 9, the angle, drawn in the liquid, between the solid-liquid and the liquid-air interfaces, drawn in the plane perpendicular to the three-phase interline, as shown in Fig. 4. Minimization of the free energy of the solid-liquid-air... 

Fig. 4. Definition of contact angle showing the derivation of Young s equation, Eq.. 8, using a balance of horizontal forces at the three-phase interline.

Eq. 3 may also be derived heuristically by making a balance of horizontal forces on a small section of the interline as shown in Fig. 4. This treats the solid surface and the solid-liquid interface as though they were in states of tension given by their respective surface energies. The vertical force ytsin in such a construction is balanced by stresses in the underlying solid. 

When spontaneous spreading occurs, the bulk of the advancing liquid is preceded by a precursor film, usually a few millimeters in width and a few hundred nanometers or less in thickness [58], as pictured in Fig. 12. The observed dynamic contact angle is that which is made by the bulk liquid against the precursor film, and it itself depends on the rate of the advance of the nominal interline. The relationship between the rate of spontaneous spreading, i.e. the rate of movement of the nominal interline normal to itself, (/, and the dynamic contact... 

Fig. 12. The morphology of spreading. Liquid advances over the solid by means of a precursor foot (usually a few to a few hundred nanometers in thickness) moving out typically several millmeters ahead of the nominal bulk liquid interline.

Fig. 13. Molion of a liquid interline across a sharp edge, (a) Close-up of movement over the sharp edge show.s that the liquid must exhibit the appropriate contact angle against the surface in front of it in order to advance over the edge, (b) Contact angle hysteresis resulting from the sharp edge.

On the other hand, when the size scale of the heterogeneities is sufficiently small (generally p,m) and uniform, another type of analysis may be used. In this case it is assumed that the interline will be able to adjust its position to... 

Textiles, paper, and other flexible substrates such as fusible interlining, interlinking drapery and upholstered fabric, and carpets are examples of large volume applications. Another important market is with metals and other rigid materials. Included are plastics (pipes, tanks, screens, etc.) that can provide protective coatings using its variety of processing techniques. 

Wayner et al. (1976) developed a simple procedure to obtain the heat transfer coefficient for the interline region of an adsorption controlled wetting film. Xu and Carey (1990) developed an analytical model to predict the heat transfer characteristics of film evaporating on a microgroove surface. 

Wallis GB (1969) One-dimensional two-phase flow. McGraw-HUl, New York Wayner PC, Kao YK, LaCroix LV (1976) The interline heat transfer coefiicient of an evaporating wetting film. Int 1 Heat Mass Transfer 19 487-492 Weisberg A, Bau HH, Zemel IN (1992) Analysis of micro-channels for integrated cooling. Int 1 Heat Mass Transfer 35 2465-2472... 

Mitchell, A. C., Wall, J. E., Murray, J. G. and Morgan, C. G. (2002). Measurement of nanosecond time-resolved fluorescence with a directly gated interline CCD camera. J. Microsc. 206, 233-8. 

Cold cure" or high resilience PU foams tended to liquify before igniting were developed and gave good results in standard tests such as BS 4735(25) (similar to the discontinued ASTM D1692) but could still burn when used with flammable fabrics in furniture (Table IV). However they have been used most successfully in the UK in combination with flame retarded cotton interliners and fabrics of low flammability e.g. wool, nylon, FR cotton etc. and formed the basis of public area furniture used in the UK since the early 1970 s (Table V). 

The principle of the 1988 Consumer Safety Regulations is that all filling materials and covering fabrics shall be ignition resistant against specified flames. An exception is made for specified types of fabric which may be used with a flame retarded interliner. 

The 1988 Consumer Safety Regulations depart from the principle of testing composites because they essentially test individual materials in a standard manner although the composite BS 5852 test is used. Thus flame retarded fabrics and interliners are tested with a specified standard PU foam and polyurethane foams and other fillings are tested with a specified flame retarded polyester fabric. It is understood that this... 

INTERLINERS. These are intended to protect the filling against specified flammable cover fabrics. Interliners are tested with ignition source 5 over a standard PU foam to BS5852 Part 2. FR treated interliners shall be subjected to the specified water soak before testing Table VI. 

A Except for fabrics containing more than 75% by weight of cotton, flax, viscose, modal, silk or wool when used with an interliner. 

The match (No.l gas flame) source of BS 5852 Part 1 is only applied to upholstered furniture fabrics over a standard PU foam although exceptions are made for certain fabrics, when used with FR interliners. It may also be applied to mattresses to BS 6807. 

The capaciatance C depends on the gas-electrode-electrolyte interline "area" but not on the total electrode surface area S. If the porosity of all the electrode catalysts used is the same, which is a reasonable assumption since they were all prepared by the same calcination procedure, it follows that the interline "area" is proportional to the flat electrolyte surface area A, i.e. the constant X equals X A, where X is another constant which does not depend on any macroscopic dimension. 

Poly(vinyl butyral) has clarity and a refractive index similar to glass. It has good flexibility and adhesion to glass, even at low temperatures. It is used as safety glass interlining. 

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