Interleukin-6 , serum

Sluzewska A, Rybakowski JK, Laciak M, Mackiewicz A, Sobieska M, Wiktorowicz K (1995) Interleukin-6 serum levels in depressed paderits before and after ti eatmeiit widi fluoxediie. Ann N Y Acad Sci 762 47 76. 

A 62-year-old man with severe chronic hepatitis and positive serum anti-HCV, HBs, and HBc antibodies underwent unsuccessful treatment with interferon alfa for 3 months and then received interferon beta for 6 months with a partial response. During treatment, his alfa-fetoprotein (normal before treatment) progressively increased to seven-fold the upper limit of the reference range. There was also a slight increase in interleukin-6 serum concentration. A hepatocellular carcinoma was diagnosed 9 months later. 

Steinmetz HT, Herbertz A, Bertram M, Diehl V. Increase in interleukin-6 serum level preceding fever in granulocytopenia and correlation with death from sepsis. J Infect Dis 1995 171 225-228. 

Kem, P., Hemmer, C. J., Van Damme, J., Gruss, H. J., and Dietrich, M. Elevated tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 serum levels as markers for complicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Am. J. Med. 87, 139-143 (1989). 

A number of adipokines are linked to inflammation and immunity (Fig. 1). This includes both leptin and adiponectin, and also a number of other key inflammatory proteins, particularly cytokines and chemokines [1]. The cytokines and chemokines encompass interleukin-1(3 (EL-1 (3), IL-6, DL-10, TNFa, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Other major inflammation-related adipokines include nerve growth factor (NGF), and acute phase proteins such as serum amyloid A and haptoglobin. In addition, adipocytes secrete plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), which is an important thrombotic factor as well as an acute phase protein. 

ATC, lymphocyte immune globulin, antithymoglobulin equine AZA, azathioprine BUN, blood urea nitrogen CSA, cyclosporine Cl, gastrointestinal IL-2RA, interleukin 2 receptor antagonist MMF, mycophenalate mofetil OKT-3, muronomonab-CD3 PRED, prednisone SCr, serum creatinine SRL, sirolimus TAC, tacrolimus WBC, white blood cell. 

Kaneko S, Satoh T, Chiba J, Ju C, Inoue K, Kagawa J. Interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 levels in serum and synovial fluid of patients with osteoarthritis. Cytokines Cell Mol Ther 2000 6(2) 71-79. 

Dl. Damas, P Reuter, A., Gysen, P., Demonty, J., Lamy, M., and Franchimont, P., Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 serum levels during severe sepsis in humans. Crit. Care Med. 17, 975-978 (1989). 

H12. Halstensen, A., Ceska, M., Brandtzaeg, P., Redl, H., Naess, A., and Waagem, A., Interleukin-8 in serum and cerebrospinal fluid from patients with meningococcal disease. J. Infect. Dis. 167, 471-475(1993). 

K16. Kragsbjerg, P Holmberg, H and Vikerfors, T., Serum concentration of interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-a, and C-reactive protein in patients undergoing major operations. Eur. J. Surg. 161, 17-22 (1995). 

Lakatos P, Foldes J, Horvath C, Kiss L, Tatrai A, Takacs I, Tarjan G, Stern PH (1997) Serum interleukin-6 and bone metabolism in patients with thyroid function disorders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82 78-81... 

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) produced by monocytes and several other cell types [70, 146] has a wide array of biological properties, including T cell activation and inflammatory interactions with muscle, liver, fibroblasts, brain and bone [70, 146], IL-1, both natural and recombinant, has been shown to release histamine from human basophils and from human adenoidal mast cells [70,146,151] and this release was abolished by an IL-1 antibody. However, the average release produced by 10 units of IL-1 was less than 20% and there was considerable variability between populations of basophils in the extent of histamine release. Moreover, the secretory response elicited was quite slow (within 15 min) compared with that of other peptides [151]. Desensitization of the basophils by anti-IgE serum had no effect on the subsequent IL-1 response, suggesting different mechanisms of action [ 151], as has been the case with other peptides. Interestingly, the portion of the IL-1 molecule that is responsible for its immu-nostimulatory activity appears to be separate from that portion responsible for its proinflammatory effects [152]. However, that portion of the molecule responsible for eliciting basophil and mast-cell histamine release has not as yet been defined. 

It is known that chronic active inflammation in the gastric mucosa involves several interleukins (IL-8, IL-10 and IFN-gamma) known as immunological markers of the blood serum [33]. Hence it is possible that extensive gastric inflammation would lead to an increased release of some of the volatile inflammatory biomarkers in breath causing differences in the sensor response. 

Meyer, J.D., J.E. Matsnnra, J.A. Rnth, E. Shelter, S.T. Patel, J. Bansch, E. McGonigle, and M.C. Manning, Selective precipitation of interleukin-4 using hydrophobic ion pairing a method for improved analysis of proteins formulated with large excesses of human serum albumin. Pharm Res, 1994. 11(10) 1492-5. 

Bohlen H, Kessler M, Sextro M et al. Poor clinical outcome of patients with Hodgkin s disease and elevated interleukin-10 serum levels clinical signiflcance of interleukin-10 serum levels for Hodgkin s disease. Ann Hematol 2000 79 110-113. 

Sarris AH, Kliche KO, Pethambaram P et al. Interleukin-10 levels are often elevated in serum of adults with Hodgkin s disease and are associated with inferior failure-free survival. Ann Oncol 1999 10 433 40. 

Vassilakopoulos TP, Nadali G, Angelopoulou MK et al. Serum interleukin-10 levels are an independent prognostic factor for patients with Hodgkin s lymphoma. Haematologica 2001 86 274-281. 

Yawalkar N, Hari Y, Helbing A, von Greyerz S, Kappeler A, Baathen LR, Pichler WJ. Elevated serum levels of interleukins 5, 6, and 10 in a patient with drug-induced exanthem caused by systemic corticosteroids. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998 39(5 Part l) 790-3. 

In five patients who presented in Tasmania during 1 year, all of whom were taking amiodarone 200 mg/day, serum TSH was undetectable and the free thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations were raised (46). In one case there was a low titer of TSH receptor antibodies and in another a high titer of antithyroid peroxidase antibodies. In all cases the hyperthyroidism was severe and occurred after at least 2 years of treatment with amiodarone. In one of two patients in whom it was measured the serum concentration of interleukin-6 was raised, as has been previously shown (SEDA-19, 193). In two cases the hyperthyroidism was refractory to treatment with propylthiouracil, lithium, and dexamethasone in these cases thyroidectomy was required. Two patients responded to propylthiouracil, lithium, and dexamethasone, and one responded to carbimazole. 

Interleukin-6 reduced serum thyrotropin and thyroid hormone concentrations and increased LH concentrations (SEDA-20, 336). 

Ohashi Y, Nakai Y, Tanaka A, Kakinoki Y, Ohno Y, Masamoto T, Sakamoto H, Kato A, Washio Y, Hayashi M Serum levels of specific IgE, soluble interleukin-2 receptor, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1997 79 213-220. 

Ohashi Y, Nakai Y, Sakamoto H, Ohno Y, Sugiura Y, Okamoto H, Tanaka A, Kakinoki Y, Kishimoto K, Hayashi M Serum levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis before and after immunotherapy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1996 77 203-208. Ohashi Y, Nakai Y, Tanaka A, Kakinoki Y, Washio Y, Kato A, Masamoto T, Sakamoto H, Yamada K Ten-year follow-up study of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E and immunoglobulin G4, soluble interleukin-2 receptor, interleukin-4, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in serum of patients on immunotherapy for perennial allergic rhinitis. Scand J Immunol 1998 47 167-178. 

Babu et al. (2003) reported that a significant reduction in concanavalin A spleen lymphocytes proliferation in pregnant rats fed a 40% flaxseed diet. Spleen lymphocytes proliferation was significantly lower in a 90-day-old offspring on the 40% flaxseed diet and exposed to phytohemagglutinin. In both cases, interleukin-2 formation was not affected by flaxseed intake. The levels of LA and AA in serum and tissues combined with relatively constant interleukin-2 concentrations lead to the conclusion that flaxseed could be used in treating autoimmune diseases (Babu et al., 2003). 

Rea IM, Ross OA, Armstrong M, McNerlan S, Alexander DH, Curran MD, Middleton D. Interleukin-6-gene C/G 174 polymorphism in nonagenarian and octogenarian subjects in the BELFAST study. Reciprocal effects on IL-6, soluble IL-6 receptor and for IL-10 in serum and monocyte supernatants. Mech Agein Dev 2003 124 555-561. 

In an IPCR application developed by Furuya et al. [27], interleukin 18 (IL-18) was studied as an important protein in a number of immunological derangements. An indirect sandwich IPCR (Fig. 3D) was used for the detection of IL-18 in cell culture supernatants and serum samples. A quantitative study of low-level IL-18 was carried out beneath a serum concentration of typically 96 135 ng/L. In a systematic variation of assay conditions, the amount of biotinylated 227-bp DNA marker used in the Universal-IPCR protocol was identified as a source for nonspecific amplification. Following an optimization of DNA concentration and PCR cycle number, 2.5 pg/L IL-18 was detected. 

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