Instrumentation recorder and

Annual checks of all instruments, recorders, and controls are required. Recalibration of some instruments may be required at more frequent intervals. 

Figure 10.12—Sequence of events necessary to obtain a pseudo-double beam spectrum with a Fourier transform IR spectrometer. The instrument records and stores in its memory two spectra representing the variation of lu (blank) and / (sample) as a function of wavenumber (emission spectra 1 and 2 above). Then, it calculates the conventional spectrum, which is identical to that obtained on a double beam instrument, by calculating the ratio T — /// — f(A) for each wavenumber. Atmospheric absorption (CO2 and H20) is thus eliminated. The figure illustrates the spectrum of a polystyrene film.

Equipment data materials, including specifications, maintenance and lubrication schedules andd records, critical instrument records, and so on... 

After the team has been assembled and the terms of reference generated, the first step in the formal investigation process itself is to collect information about what happened. The information will generally come from interviews, documents, instrument records, and field observations. At this stage of the investigation, it is especially important not to jump to conclusions but to let the facts speak for themselves. The focus must be on gathering data— mostly from interviews, site inspections, and the examination of instrument records. 

The review should emphasize developing an understanding of the processing sequence, the equipment, the equipment plot, the operating conditions, instrument and sample locations, the control decisions, and the operators perspectives. Wmle the preparation effort may be less for those who have been responsible for the unit for a long period of time, the purpose of the test requires that the types and locations of the measurements be different from those typically recorded and typically used. The condition of these locations must be inspected. Operating specifications may be different. Therefore, refreshment is always necessaiy... 

According to Ref. 32, the functioning of impressed current cathodic protection stations should be monitored every 2 months, and the stray current protection station every 1 month. If protection installations are provided with measuring instruments for current and potential, this supervision can be carried out by operating staff, so that the readings are recorded and sent to the technical department for... 

Tips on Instrument Troubleshooting Recorders and Recorder-Controllers... 

Knowing when the instrument s accuracy was last checked so that you can have confidence in its results - calibration records and labels fulfill this need. 

The first set of case studies illustrates errors due to the inadequate design of the human-machine interface (HMI). The HMI is the boundary across which information is transmitted between the process and the plant worker. In the context of process control, the HMI may consist of analog displays such as chart records and dials, or modem video display unit (VDU) based control systems. Besides display elements, the HMI also includes controls such as buttons and switches, or devices such as trackballs in the case of computer controlled systems. The concept of the HMI can also be extended to include all means of conveying information to the worker, including the labeling of control equipment components and chemical containers. Further discussion regarding the HMI is provided in Chapter 2. This section contains examples of deficiencies in the display of process information, in various forms of labeling, and the use of inappropriate instrumentation scales. 

Cathodic-protection instruments may be classified as potential-measuring, current-measuring, resistance/conductance-measuring, multicombination, recording and ancillary. 

Most controiiers have adjustments, not oniy to the set points hut to differentiais, time deiays and response rates. It is of paramount importance that these are set up hy an engineer who completely understands their function. Such settings should he marked on the instrument itself and recorded separately, since unauthorized persons may later upset these adjustments [63]. 

All infrared spectrophotometers are provided with chart recorders which will present the complete infrared spectrum on a single continuous sheet, usually with wavelength and wavenumber scales shown for the abscissa and with absorbance and percentage transmittance as the ordinates. More advanced instruments also possess visual display units on which the spectra can be displayed as they are recorded and on which they can be compared with earlier spectra previously obtained or with spectra drawn from an extensive library held in a computer memory. These modern developments have all led to quantitative infrared spectrophotometry being a much more viable and useful analytical procedure than it was just a few years ago. 

Whilst nothing can improve upon the disadvantage of low molar absorption coefficients, instrumental designs and improvements with ratio recording and FT-IR instruments have virtually overcome the accuracy and instrumental limitations referred to in (b) and (c) above. As a result, quantitative infrared procedures are now much more widely used and are frequently applied in quality control and materials investigations. Applications fall into several distinct groups ... 

Instrument-based and reconstructed climatic records indicate that climate is inherently variable over a broad spectrum of time scales, ranging from years to millennia. 

These conditions may be changed to obtain optimal instrument performance and to maximize sensitivity. The actual conditions used for sample analysis are recorded in the raw data. 

This article defines the criteria and processes for computer validation. Computer validation applies to all systems, including electronic capture systems in both the laboratory (scientific instrumentation) and field settings. Any system producing electronic records and documents, which regulators in the evaluation of product registration applications will use, needs to be validated. 

Instrumentation. H and NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AV 400 spectrometer (400.2 MHz for proton and 100.6 MHz for carbon) at 310 K. Chemical shifts (< are expressed in ppm coupling constants (J) in Hz. Deuterated DMSO and/or water were used as solvent chemical shift values are reported relative to residual signals (DMSO 5 = 2.50 for H and 5 = 39.5 for C). ESl-MS data were obtained on a VG Trio-2000 Fisons Instruments Mass Spectrometer with VG MassLynx software. Vers. 2.00 in CH3CN/H2O at 60°C. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) experiments were conducted on a VP isothermal titration calorimeter from Microcal at 30°C. 

In this series of instruments for analytical electrochemistry, Philips also supplies the microprocessor-controlled PW 9527 digital conductivity meter with 16 push-buttons and on the rear an analogue output for connection to a recorder and a 25-way connector providing a two-way RS 232 serial connection (see Philips leaflet 9498 362 9326). 

---