Explosives, various

Organic Reactions. Nitric acid is used extensively ia iadustry to nitrate aHphatic and aromatic compounds (21). In many iastances nitration requires the use of sulfuric acid as a dehydrating agent or catalyst the extent of nitration achieved depends on the concentration of nitric and sulfuric acids used. This is of iadustrial importance ia the manufacture of nitrobenzene and dinitrotoluene, which are iatermediates ia the manufacture of polyurethanes. Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is an explosive. Various isomers of mononitrotoluene are used to make optical brighteners, herbicides (qv), and iasecticides. Such nitrations are generally attributed to the presence of the nitronium ion, NO2, the concentration of which iacreases with acid strength (see Nitration). 

A.T. Wilson, Development of MOX Explosives Various Oxidants in MOX , First Progress Report NFOC-6, Navy Contract NOrd-12382, National Fireworks Ordnance Corp (Dec... 

Used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, dye intermediates, explosives, various inorganic and organic nitrates, nitro compounds and used industrially for ore flotation, metallurgy, photoengraving, and reprocessing spent nuclear fuel. 

Two common examples of the three components of the fire triangle are wood, air, and a match and gasoline, air, and a spark. However, other, less obvious combinations of chemicals can lead to fires and explosions. Various fuels, oxidizers, and ignition sources common in the chemical industry are... 

In order to obtain higher values of propellants and explosives, various types of chemicals are admixed, such as plasticizers, stabilizers, and reachon rate modifiers. The major chemicals are fuels and oxidizers. The fuels react with the oxidizers to produce heat and gaseous products. Even when the AHf J values of both the fuel... 

Mixtures of TNT, RDX, and/or AN are used as TNT-based explosives. Various additives such as aluminum powder, barium nitrate, and/or some other small amounts of materials are used. Densities are in the range 1450-1810 kg m"l Aluminum powder is added to obtain bubble energy when used in underwater conditions. 

To investigate new explosives, various charges over 400 g are used. Some of the permitted explosives do not cause any ignition with a charge of up to 800 g. 

Jevler (or Jewler) Explosives. Various Sprengel-type explosive mixtures proposed in 1897-1900 by levler of Russia, such as Promethees. Other explosives of this class consisted of liquids such as nitrobenzene, methanol etc absorbed on potassium chlorate mixed with Portland cement and/or copper oxide etc ifej Lsamej jzo... 

A large number of various physical parameters have to be determined experimentally in order to test or characterise an explosive. Various physical principles have been applied for such measurements. Accordingly, a large number of different experimental methods exist, as well as various testing apparatuses and procedures. 

In supernova explosions, various elements are, as already mentioned, thrown out into space. When gases are expanded and cooled, chemical reactions occur and different carbon compounds are formed. Several have been identified in the atmospheres of our neighboring planets, in comets and meteorites and also in interstellar space. Duley and Williams [39.2] have described in detail the carbon compounds present in interstellar space. 

It decomposes exothermically to oxygen, a reaction which can be explosive. Even dilute ozone decomposes slowly at room temperature the decomposition is catalysed by various substances (for example manganese(IV) oxide and soda-lime) and occurs more rapidly on heating. 

The following alternative procedure is recommended and it possesses the advantage that the same tube may be used for many sodium fusions. Support a Pyrex test tube (150 X 12 mm.) vertically in a clamp lined with asbestos cloth or with sheet cork. Place a cube (ca. 4 mm. side = 0 04 g.) of freshly cut sodium in the tube and heat the latter imtil the sodium vapour rises 4 5 cm. in the test-tube. Drop a small amount (about 0-05 g.) of the substance, preferably portionwise, directly into the sodium vapour CAUTION there may be a slight explosion) then heat the tube to redness for about 1 minute. Allow the test tube to cool, add 3-4 ml. of methyl alcohol to decompose any unreacted sodium, then halffill the tube with distilled water and boil gently for a few minutes. Filter and use the clear, colourless filtrate for the various tests detailed below. Keep the test-tube for sodium fusions it will usually become discoloured and should be cleaned from time to time with a little scouring powder. 

PoIIuta.ntReduction. Pollutants from explosives are primarily produced by waste from the explosives manufacture, such as the acids used ia nitration (qv). Pollutants may also be produced dufing iacorporation of the explosives ia munitions, ia the use of iadustrial explosives, and ia clean-up and disposal operations. Table 4 fists the most common types of pollutants found ia the manufacture of explosives, as well as effects and various procedures for reduction (41—54). 

A wide variety of special-purpose incinerators (qv) with accompanying gas scmbbers and soHd particle collectors have been developed and installed in various demilitarisation faciUties. These include flashing furnaces that remove all vestiges of explosive from metal parts to assure safety in handling deactivation furnaces, to render safe small arms and nonlethal chemical munitions fluidized-bed incinerators that bum slurries of ground up propellants or explosives in oil and rotary kilns to destroy explosive and contaminated waste and bulk explosive. 

The experimental procedures depend to a large extent on the use to which the explosive is to be put. Comparison is often made to proven explosives of known performance. Many of the most commonly used tests in the various categories of concern are as follows ... 

Pentaerythritol tetranitrate is a high energy explosive that is used as a pressed base charge in blasting caps and detonators, as the core explosive in commercial detonating cord, and as the main explosive ingredient in sheet explosives. It is also mixed in various proportions with TNT to form the less sensitive pentoHtes, eg, PETN 50/TNT 50. PETN is easily initiated, its responses are reproducible, and it is readily available (144—146). 

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