Injuries reports

In no case were there sufficient data to estimate reliable overpressures and impulses from the explosion. From the description of some events, it would appear that they might have been large. However, injury reports, even from many of the more severe accidents, do not substantiate this concept because workers in the area were either not iqjured or, if injured, were usually burned or hit by shrapnel. 

In eight cases of corneal injury reported from industrial exposure to crotonaldehyde, healing was complete in 48 hours the severity of exposure was not specified. ... 

Violent Injury Reporting System of Wisconsin (VIRS). 

Edmiston S, Maddy KT. 1987. Summary of illnesses and injuries reported in California USA by physicians in 1986 as potentially related to pesticides. Vet Hum Toxicol 29 391-397. 

Lazaros GA, Stavrinos C, Papatheodoridis GV, Delladetsima JK, Toliopoulos A, Tassopoulos NC. Amineptine induced liver injury. Report of two cases and brief review of the literature. Hepatogastroenterology 1996 43(10) 1015-9. 

May cause easy bruising and excessive bleeding from minor injuries. Reports of haemorrhage with concomitant use of warfarin and dan shen. INR may not always be altered. Case report with ginseng of normal coagulation studies during postoperative bleeding... 

Each of the items covered as Good Intentions showed a flaw in judgment. None of the principleN were unique and no decision was so urgent that the change needed to be accomplished immediately. All technical plant employees could easily understand the problems after they occurred and most of the technical employees could have spt)tted the weaknesses prior to the incident, if they had been afforded the opportunity for a well-disciplined review (see Chapter 10). Happily there were no significant injuries reported in these accidents, which caused more than 1 million of losses. However, wo don t know about the ducks. And yet, some accidents resulting from similar moditications have caused injuries and even deaths. 

Most commercially available methylaluminoxanes are produced by careful reaction of water with trimethylaluminum (TMAL) in toluene. Reaction must be closely controlled to avoid what renowned organometallic chemist John Eisch called "a life threatening pyrotechnic spectacle" (16). Unfortunately, there have been explosions and injuries reported during MAO preparations. Water must be introduced at low temperature and in forms that moderate the potentially violent reaction. For example, water has been introduced as hydrated salts, ice shavings or atomized spray. Even with these precautions, explosive reactions have occurred. The overall reaction is given in eq 6.1. 

Kopko PM, Marshall CS, MacKenzie MR, Holland PV, Popovsky MA. Transfusion-related acute lung injury report of a clinical look-back investigation. JAMA 2002 287(15) 1968-71. 

Mondardini A, Pasquino P, Bernard P, Aluffi E, Tartaglino B, Mazzucco G, Bonino F, Verme G, Negro F. Propafenone-induced liver injury report of a case and review of the hterature. Gastroenterology 1993 104(5) 1524-6. 

Immediate outcome—the adverse state the system reached immediately after the active failure. Examples are release of agent, plant damage, or personal injury. Reporting and investigation flow charts supplied by the Army indicate that the severity of outcome often determines the incident s prominence for managers, the workforce, or the community, which in turn drives subsequent responses. Incidents with more salient outcomes naturally receive more scrutiny, which may bias the data set used for analysis. 

Chang BS, Lowenstein DH. Practice parameter Antiepileptic drug prophylaxis in severe traumatic brain injury Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2003 60 10-16. 

Cat bites, with an estimated incidence of 5% to 15% of all animal bites, are the second most common canse of animal bite wounds in the United States. Bites and scratches occnr most commonly on the upper extremities, with most injuries reported in women. Infection rates, estimated at 30% to 50%, are more than double those seen with dog bites. ... 

Miksche and Caldwell (Mil) have now reported that rats with double the injury reported by Caimie et al. (Cl) show a significant increase in heat production (14r-20%) and in average body temperature, when housed at 28 . From relatively contemporaneous analysis the former calculate that the heat equivalent of the urinary nitrogen excreted ac-coimted for only 17-36% of the actual increment and that the major portion of this heat increment was accoimted for by the van t Hoff effect (Qio effect) secondary to an elevation of the average body temperature. Cuthbertson (C21) had earlier noted in man that the calculated van t Hoff effect actually equated the observed increase in BMR in man. 

Several case reports described exposure of individuals to ammonia liquid and/or gas that resulted in cutaneous bums (Amshel et al. 2000 da Fonseca et al. 1998 George et al. 2000 Kerstein et al. 2001 Latenser and Lucktong 2000 Leduc et al. 1992 Rosenbaum et al. 1998 Weiser and Mackenroth 1989). All exposures were occupationally related. Total body surface area burned ranged from 14 to 45% and most had at least small areas of fiill-thickness bums that required skin grafting. A summary of 12 case reports of liquid anhydrous ammonia injuries reported a range of percent body surface area burned of... 

Ongoing Research. In terms of ongoing surveillance, the California Department of Food and Agriculture reviews annually all Doctor s First Reports of Worker Injury which are required to be submitted by physicians that treat any occupationally related illness or injury. In 1977, more than 1.5 million occupational illness and injury reports were submitted from the California workforce of more than 12 million workers. Of these 1,531 cases were classified as "probably" related to pesticide exposure. 

Sources Sweden, Australia, Belgium, Greece, Canada, UK The World Health Organization, World Report on Road Traffic Injury Report (2004), accessed online at www.who.int/violence in-jury prevention/en/ United States NHTSA, http www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/8io8oi.PDF, updated March 2008. 

Gerber MA, Kaufinann H, Khon F, A rt LI. Acetaminoiihen associated hepatic injury report of two cases showing unusual portal tract reactions. Him Pathol (1980) 11,37-42. 

There are four main uses of injury statistics (1) to identify high-risk jobs or work areas, (2) to evaluate company health and safety performance, (3) to evaluate the effectiveness of hazard-abatement approaches, and (4) to identify factors related to illness and injiuy causation. An illness and injuryreporting and analysis system requires that detailed information must be collected about the characteristics of illness and injuries and their frequency and severity. The Occupational Safety and Health Act (1970) established iUness and injury reporting and recording requirements that are mandatory for aU employers, with certain exclusions such as small establishments and government agencies. Regulations have been developed to define how employers are to adhere to these requirements (BLS 1978). 

The Division of Vital Statistics reports that accidents are the leading causes of death for persons in their teens and up to age 45. In industry, there is no intent to kill or injure workers yet accidents kill and maim people. Many of the injuries reported as sprains and strains often involved the back. The incidence of fatalities and injuries (along with potential monetary losses) may increase as operations become more complex. The cost of accidents in the workplaces of the United States is approximately 150 billion annually. Some examples of costly accidents are ... 

In almost 80,000 work injuries reported in that same state in 1960, unsafe condition(s) was identified as a contributing factor in 98.4% of the nonfatal manufacturing cases, and unsafe act(s) was identified as a contributing factor in 98.2% of the nonfatal cases (National Safety Council, p. 141). 

According to the latest injury statistics released by the National Safety Council, for every one injury at work there are three home injuries (non-work related) reported. Are U.S. homes so unsafe Or are these statistics now showing the result of many years of the industrial injury-reporting fear factor Are employees taking work injuries home because of the fear factor ... 

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